Black Holes

Black holes are objects so dense that it is not possible for even light to escape their gravity. There are two main processes continuously going on in massive stars. 1. Nuclear fusion: This process takes place in the stars which tends to blow the star's hydrogen outward from the star's center. 2. Gravitation: This process tends to pull all hydrogen back in the direction it had come. In general, these two processes balance one another until the entire star's hydrogen is exhausted, allowing gravitation to take over and once gravitation dominates, and the star becomes unstable and starts to collapse.Once the star starts to collapse, it does not stop, and the star (and ultimately its atoms) will cave inward upon itself, resulting in the formation of a black hole (Hewitt, 1992). Where is the nearest black hole? The closest known black holes are stellar mass black holes in the galaxy. These black holes have so far only been seen when they are in close contact with another star which is orb iting around them. When jets are produced the systems are known as microquasars and can be observed at many wavelengths, but usually are most distinctive in X-rays (Masters, 2002). What happens if you fall into a black hole?Just because nothing can travel faster than light, nothing can escape from inside a black hole. If a person jumps into a black hole, they won't be able to see anything within the event horizon. The person will see strange optical distortions of the sky around him from all the bending of light that goes on. But as soon as the person falls through, they are doomed. They will die. References Hewitt, Paul G. (1992) Conceptual Physics. 2nd ed. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Masters, K. (2002) Where is the nearest black hole? Curious About Astronomy? Retrieved on 9 November 2007 from http://curious. astro. cornell. edu

Mosquito Killer Essay

The study is entitled Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Specifically, it sought to find out how these two solutions (lemongrass and garlic) can effectively kill mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe measure in treating the abundance of mosquito. Ideally, the researcher’s study promotes a tandem between science and creation’s conservation. The materials composing the solution were 40 mL of the combined solution of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum). The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being sprayed using a specific commercial pesticide. On the other hand, the control group was being sprayed using the organic mosquito killer. Data were collected to gather relevant information. In the light of the findings of the study, it was found out that the solution composing of 40 mL solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopog on citratus) extract can kill mosquitoes in a short span of time compared with the commercial one. It took only _________before the mosquitoes died. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Mosquitoes are vector agents that carry disease causing viruses and parasites that lead to life-threatening diseases from one person to person without catching the disease themselves. It prefers people over others. The preferential victim’s sweat simply smells better than others because of the proportions of the carbon dioxide and other compounds that make up the body odor. A large part of the mosquito’s sense of smell is devoted to sniffing out human targets. Mosquitoes are estimated to transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico, and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths. At least 2 million people annually die of these diseases. Today, not just our whole country, Philippines, but also the entire world is facing huge problems in relation to the abundance of mosquitoes in the community. In fact, many alternatives and methods such as different kinds of drugs, vaccines, insecticides, nets and repellants are now discovered and created in order to eradicate mosquitoes, prevent diseases, and protect individuals. We opted to make this study to pursue an alternative organic agent of mosquito eradication. The result of this study is to propose an alternative but organic and safe solution in treating the abundance of mosquito in our locality. Moreover, this aimed to significantly help the residents who are greatly affected by these mosquitoes in a way that this study will provide them a new avenue in treating the great number of mosquitoes. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study entitled Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Mosquito Killer is aimed to know the insecticidal effect of Allium sativum and Cymbopogon citratus on mosquitoes in terms of: a. How effective is the Garlic (Alium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)? b. What is the compared time duration of the commercial product and experimental product? HYPOTHESIS The study hypothesized that the combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) is more likely effective than commercial product on mosquitoes in terms of the number of mosquitoes that will die. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The conduct of this study is significant in lessening the number of mosquitoes all over the country. This would extend an alternative solution for everybody spend less amount of money in treating the abundance of mosquitoes here in our locality and therefore cooperation and resourcefulness will primarily be observed by the people. Specifically, this will bring benefits to the following: Government. This would provide the government a new avenue in lessening the number of mosquitoes. The materials that will be used are recycled and organic in which their availability is easily utilized and therefore they will spend less amount of money in treatment for the abundance of mosquitoes in the society. Residents. This study raises the awareness level of residents in our country. They would be able to foresee the importance of being resourceful of the things in our surroundings. SCOPE AND LIMITATION This study focused on the insecticidal effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on mosquitoes. The materials used were just gathered around the researchers’ household. The investigation utilized 6 mosquitoes that were placed in a transparent container. DEFINTION OF TERMS Mosquito. From the Spanish or Portuguese meaning little fly is a common insect in the family Culicidate (from the Latin culex meaning midge or gnat). Mosquitoes resemble crane flies (family Tupilidae) and chironomid flies (family Chironomidae), with which they are sometimes confused by the casual observer. Organic. Any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Geraniol. A monoterpenoid and an alco0hol. It is the primary part of rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type). It also occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. Solution. A homogenous mixture composed of two substances. Erradicate. Get rid of something completely. Insecticide. A chemical substance used to kill insects. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Allium sativum yields allicin, an antibiotic and antifungal compound (phytoncide). It has been claimed that it can be used as a home remedy to help speed recovery from throat or other minor ailments because of its antibiotic properties. It also contains the sulfur-contaning compounds alliin, ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes, vitamin B, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and maillard reaction products which are non-sulfur containing compounds. Furthermore a phytoalexin called allixin was found, inhibiting skin tumor formation. Herein, allixin and/or its analogs may be expected useful compounds for cancer prevention or chemotherapy agents for other diseases. The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter. Fresh C. citratus grass contains approximately 0.4% volatile oil. The oil contains 65% to 85% citral, a mixture of 2 geometric isomers, geraniol and neral. Related compounds geraniol, geranic acid, and nerolic acid have also been identified. More than a dozen of other minor fragrant components were also found. Research has shown geraniol to be an effective plant-based mosquito repellant. Another popular theory is that ingesting garlic can provide protection against mosquitoes. A University of Connecticut study examined this claim with a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study. The data didn’t provide evidence of significant mosquito repellence. However, subject only consumed garlic once, and the researchers say that more prolonged ingestion may be needed. There are also other natural mosquito repellants that are being researched like the Fennel, Thyme, Clove oil, Celery extract, Neem oil, Vitamin B1. Biopesticide insect repellants (sometimes called â€Å"natural†, â€Å"botanical† or â€Å"plant-based†) has been proven to be as effective as those containing synthetic chemical compounds like DEET. Remember, however, that â€Å"natural† doesn’t always mean safe, so you should use plant-based insect repellants as carefully as any other. With the literature presented above, it can be seen that the study has some bearing capabilities and properties to other work in the sense that it tackles the capacity of some organic materials such garlic juice and lemongrass oil as effective mosquito repellant.

Courtly Love: Troilus and Criseyde Essay

Courtly love was an idea that was based on a love that was many times illicit and chivalrous. Geoffrey Chaucer was an expert at portraying courtly love in the Canterbury Tales and in Troilus and Criseyde. In Troilus and Criseyde it is more focused since the story revolves more around the two characters while in the Canterbury Tales there are many stories and they are about multiple topics. Like courtly love the story of Troilus and Criseyde originate in France, but Chaucer wrote his version somewhere between 1381 and 1386. He took the liberty of changing the story some, but it is basically left intact. The story is about a Trojan prince, Troilus and the daughter of a Trojan priest, Criseyde and it takes place during the famous Trojan War. Courtly love is a romance that is forbidden in some way. Many times it is adulterous and it can be sexual, but often times it is not. Even if sex is not a part of the romance, there is an extreme amount of sexual tension between the two lovers. If the affair was not adulterous, then at least one of the lovers was attached to someone else in some way. It could be that one were betrothed or promised by a parent to another. It could, in some cases, be considered adulterous if one of the lovers has promised their lives to a higher calling, as to the church, the military, or to service in some way to his/her country. The fact that courtly love was forbidden made the tension more intense and so was the attraction. There is something in knowing that a person cannot have another that makes it that much more excitable. Therefore the lust and longing was much greater. Troilus and Criseyde do not fit courtly love in that respect. They are not promised to anyone else, however, because of the Trojan War, it was difficult for them to have a proper romance. Criseyde’s father does crossover to the side of the Greeks against his own country of Troy. This leaves Criseyde to be seen as someone who is not loyal to Troy. The son of King Priam, Troilus, would not be a suitable lover to one from the family of Calkas. That is the closest that the story of Troilus and Criseyde come to being a forbidden or illicit romance. Early in the story, Troilus is struck by the god of love he pines for Criseyde until he is miserable. Courtly love often makes the two lovers despondent. While he is pining and singing of his love, Pandarus, a relative of Criseyde, begs him to divulge the name of the woman who has his heart. `Therfore, as freend fullich in me assure, And final cause of wo that ye endure; For douteth nothing, myn entencioun Nis nought to yow of reprehencioun, To speke as now, for no wight may bireve A man to love, til that him list to leve. (Chaucer, Book I lines 680-686) Troilus confides in his friend and Pandarus agrees to aide him in a plan to obtain the lady who he loves. This is also a part of courtly love. Many times elaborate plans are conceived in order for one lover to obtain or be able to see the other lover. This has even carried into present day. Many find the planning of the romance more excitable than the romance itself. The third party who is often involved in courtly love in this case is Pandarus. He goes back to Criseyde and reveals the account of Troilus being in love with her. Now, nece myn, the kinges dere sone, The goode, wyse, worthy, fresshe, and free, Which alwey for to do wel is his wone, The noble Troilus, so loveth thee, That, bot ye helpe, it wol his bane be. Lo, here is al, what sholde I more seye? Doth what yow list, to make him live or deye. (Chaucer Book II lines 316-322) He glamorizes so that she will be more intrigued. He also reminds her of her advance in age. He is generous of his time and devotion to the affair that will not be his own because he has been unlucky in love and truly wants to see two people have what has eluded him. The third party in courtly love does have pure intentions. Criseyde is reluctant to receive the love of Troilus until she gathers with her female friends. She hears Antigone sing of love and then she sleeps and dreams of a white eagle with whom she exchanges hearts. When she awakes, she knows that this was a sign and that she should receive the advances of Troilus. This is the sign that is common in courtly love. Often higher powers are involved in the relationship and they do send signs to either one or both of the lovers. In the case of these lovers, it is Criseyde who has the revelation. Courtly love is often ritualistic. In the case of Troilus and Criseyde, there is very little time for rituals of the heart. Criseyde is on the side of the enemy of Troilus and so the act of gifts, songs, and poems cannot be something that would take long in the case of these lovers. Most of the planning in the case of this romance is on the part of Pandarus instead of Troilus. Pandarus busies himself with delivering letters back and forth between the lovers. Criseyde plays her part of in courtly love in being demur. It is not that she is not interested in Troilus, but she plays hard to get in order to create the sexual tension that is needed to achieve the affect. Not only is Troilus excited, but Pandarus is enjoying himself as well. Courtly love has to be a secret. A few are allowed to know, but only trusted friends or servants are a party to the affair. The love is supposed to be so special and intense that it would be ruined if many knew of it. This is the case with Troilus and Criseyde. Pandarus plans a meeting between the lovers at the house of Deiphebus. Troilus is to pretend to have a fever and go to bed. Criseyde, who will be a guest at the house is to be bought in to his bedchamber. They are both instructed by Pandarus to not tell anyone else. In titering, and pursuite, and delayes, The folk devyne at wagginge of a stree; And though ye wolde han after merye dayes, But now to yow, ye lovers that ben here, Was Troilus nought in a kankedort, That lay, and mighte whispringe of hem here, And thoughte, `O lord, right now renneth my sort Fully to dye, or han anoon comfort’; And was the firste tyme he shulde hir preye Of love; O mighty God, what shal he seye? Pandarus brings Criseyde to the bedchamber of Troilus where he declares his intentions to her. By this time there is a lot of sexual tension between the two. This will not be the when they consummate their love, but they do agree that they both want the same thing from the other. This is when many more letters are exchanged by the two. They are once again building the tension in each other. Pandarus then invites Criseyde to his home for dinner, while Troilus hides and watches the two. Criseyde stays at his home because of the weather, and it is then that he persuades her to see Troilus in the bedchamber. Tension is built again as in any good example of courtly love. Criseyde faints, and Troilus is terrified that she is dead. She is revived and they talk of their love. It is then that they are able to consummate their love. Reson wil not that I speke of sleep, For it accordeth nought to my matere; God woot, they toke of that ful litel keep, But lest this night, that was to hem so dere, Ne sholde in veyn escape in no manere, It was biset in joye and bisinesse Of al that souneth in-to gentilnesse (Chaucer, Book III lines 1408-1414) Criseyde must then go to the Greeks and their king, Diomede. There is always something that will separate lovers in courtly love. Since Criseyde’s father, Calkas, has joined the Greeks it leaves her no choice. Troilus relents and believes that she will remain true to him. For mannes heed imaginen ne can, Ne entendement considere, ne tonge telle The cruel peynes of this sorwful man, That passen every torment doun in helle. For whan he saugh that she ne mighte dwelle, Which that his soule out of his herte rente, Withouten more, out of the chaumbre he wente. (Chaucer Book IV lines 1695-1701) However Diomede offers her his protection and we automatically see a new romance in the making. Troilus pines the whole time that she is gone. It becomes apparent after much time has passed that she is not going to return. Criseyde is invited to dine with Diomede and this is when he talks to her about love. She readily agrees to stay with the Greeks and become his lover. And after this the story telleth us, That she him yaf the faire baye stede, The which he ones wan of Troilus; And eek a broche (and that was litel nede) That Troilus was, she yaf this Diomede. And eek, the bet from sorwe him to releve, She made him were a pencel of hir sleve. (Chaucer, Book V Lines 1037-1043) While this is taking place, Troilus is being warned through bad dreams that all is not well for him and his relationship with Criseyde. When the dream was interpreted for him, he refuses to accept that she is not to return and has taken a new lover. He writes her many times and her letters are cool. Once he sees Diomede wearing a piece of jewelry that he gave to Criseyde, he knows the truth and he is devastated. Troilus is killed in battle and is then taken to a level of the afterlife where he enjoys great pleasures. God woot, that it a sorwe is unto me! And dredelees, for hertes ese of yow, Right fayn wolde I amende it, wiste I how. And fro this world, almighty God I preye, Delivere hir sone; I can namore seye. ‘ Gret was the sorwe and pleynt of Troilus; But forth hir cours fortune ay gan to holde. Criseyde loveth the sone of Tydeus, And Troilus moot wepe in cares colde. Swich is this world; who so it can biholde, In ech estat is litel hertes reste; God leve us for to take it for the beste! (Chaucer, Book V lines 1739-1750) Chaucer makes the point that earthly things are not worth the pain and grief that is given to them. Courtly love is not the kind of love that will last. There is always some fateful event or circumstance that will separate the two lovers.

Printmaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Printmaking - Essay Example This painting shows a variety of things and affects the reader’s emotion in a variety of ways. The ability of the painter to incorporate simplicity and complexity all at once, or peace and hostility simultaneously, movement and stillness in the same piece make this piece highly admirable and equally impressive.The painter merely used paper and charcoal as opposed to using other preferable and durable media. Thirdly, the piece is also highly inspirational since it connects the audience with the emotions of the painter. Viewing such a painting, one would argue that the painter was in a state of emotional confusion, or experience mixed feelings with a deep urge to be at peace. As such, the depiction of the painting using diverse emotions and a key purpose in mind presented just the perfect piece of work. As such, the most intriguing aspect of the printmaking project by Nelligan is the fact that the painting is a metaphorical oxymoron. The depiction of two sides of an emotion in t he same picture, two opposing themes and two opposing features of a painting is the key reason that this painting is the perfect selection. The simplicity holds in it, from the media to the subject or overall theme of the painting is also admirable. The painter focused on a set of values and this thus shows a significant aspect about the exceptionality of the painter, a feature that any printmaker or painter would love to possess as a skill set. As such, the selection of this piece is based on one main conclusion; it is spectacular.

CELL BIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CELL BIOLOGY - Essay Example Cholera toxin alters the ÃŽ ± subunit such that the G protein becomes constitutively activated. The result is an increase in cAMP and associated kinases that would amplify the cascade effect and therefore enhance the effect of norepinephrine. If the weaker interaction is still sufficient to activate the receptor but also allows for a faster exchange rate for norepinephrine molecules, then the result would be to enhance the effect of norepinephrine. If, instead, the interaction was not sufficient to activate the receptor, then the effects of norepinephrine would be inhibited because the inactive receptor would not respond to the norepinephrine signal. This will likely inhibit the effects of norepinephrine, because although binding of norepinephrine will still activate the receptor at the same rate, the receptor would no longer be stably associated with the G protein, and the signal will not be transduced from activated receptor to inactive G protein as efficiently. If the ÃŽ ± subunit is responsible for activating adenylate cyclase and signaling an increase in cAMP and activation of resulting cAMP-dependent kinases, then altering the interaction between the ï  ¢Ã¯  § and the protein kinase will have no effect. If instead, the ï  ¢Ã¯  § - protein kinase interaction is necessary for amplification of the norepinephrine signal, then weakening the interaction will have the effect described above (i.e. it will depend on whether or not the weaker interaction is still sufficient to activate the kinase.) ⇒By inhibiting protein phosphatases in general, protein kinases—activated by phosphorylation— and their downstream targets will have longer half lives because phosphatases won’t be available to hydrolyze their phosphate groups. If these kinases and downstream targets are required to potentiate the norepinephrine signal, then the effects of norepinephrine would be enhanced. 2. Receipt of extracellular signals can cause changes in cellular physiology. Some changes

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Globalization - Essay Example The core intention of promoting globalization and development among countries had positive purposes and tasks to make the world more mature, connected and interdependent. The supporters of globalization influenced many government policy makers, economists, businessmen and journalists into believing that globalization is inevitable and everyone involved should do their best to smooth the process of financial, political and cultural development and integration (Bridges, 2007; Stiglitz, 2006). However, financial and corporate globalization overcame the globalization of production and cultural development. In reality it occurred to be an opportunity for powerful imperialist countries to freely intrude into the economies of other countries and use their financial, natural and labor resources for their own benefits. Despite global economy has grown rapidly due to globalization and development, such international problems like poverty, inequality, illegal immigration and global environment degradation still exist and become even worse year after year. The current paper will determine the meaning of globalization and development in addition to discussing and comparing different approaches to globalization, mainly skeptical and hyper-globalist. It becomes extremely important to explore and critically assess the implications of globalization for patterns of global inequality and the prospects for sustainable development (Allen and Thomas, 2000). By better understanding the map of rhetorical formations in widely-read texts regarding globalization, it might be possible to understand better the concerns and intentions of these opposite viewpoints on globalization and recent global changes. Understanding the Globalization Globalization may be defined as the integration of production and consumption in all markets across the world through uninhibited trade, financial flows, and mutual exchange of technology and knowledge with the free inter-country movement of labor (Jones, 2 010; Watkins and Fowler, 2003). Allen and Thomas (2000) refers to globalization as the growing sense of interconnectedness, when â€Å"the strong are becoming stronger and the weak weaker† as the benefits of globalization accrue to a relatively small proportion of the world’s population while global poverty and social exclusion continue to increase. Globalization has intensified interdependence and competition between economies in the world market having a favorable impact on the overall growth rate of the economy. The process of globalization presumes opening up of world trade, internationalization of financial markets, development of advanced means of communication, growing importance of MNCs, population migration and the increased mobility of goods, capital, data, ideas and people (Ritzer, 2010). Due to globalization not only the GDP has increased, but the direction of growth in the sectors has also been changed. Earlier the maximum part of the GDP in the

How Does The Rising Rate Of Inflation Bring Down The Prices Of Houses Essay

How Does The Rising Rate Of Inflation Bring Down The Prices Of Houses In The United States - Essay Example Since two-thirds of households in the US or even more have possession of the houses that they reside in, the weight of Owner–Equivalent Rent in the CPI is significant; it accounts for around 23.8% of headline CPI and around 30.8% of the traditional core CPI which excludes energy and food. The rents languished due to an increase in the sale price of houses in the recent years. Since the year of 2000, it can be found that OER has increased approximately 26% while the government’s price index of existing homes has increased 80%. This indicates that the sale prices of existing homes and new homes rose by 5% or even more per year faster than rents since the twist of the millennium (Cecchetti, â€Å"Housing in Inflation Measurement†). Consumer Price Index Levels (1950-2003): Source: (Cedar Spring Software, Inc., â€Å"Price Inflation†). The above chart indicates how the effects of continuous inflation build up over the years. It consists of the index values of C PI for the month of December of each year. The value of index of 180 indicates that prices have risen 80% which is measured from a â€Å"base of 100†. With the help of index values, one can determine that goods and services which cost $3,000 at the end of the year 1992 will cost $3,897.00 at the end of the year 2003. The supposed household cannot wait for the inflation to be at a normal level. They must make sure that their interest and income keep pace with the long-term inflation or else they would become poor (Cedar Spring Software, Inc., â€Å"Price Inflation†). Percent Changes in Inflation (1950-2003): Source: (Cedar Spring Software, Inc., â€Å"Price Inflation†). The above chart depicts changes in the inflation rate and not the actual price changes. A line that trends downward which is above... The researcher of this essay focuses on the issue of the connections between the inflation and housing in the United States. The researcher states that although inflation occurs regularly in the economic system, it becomes a matter of concern when it reaches at higher levels. The rate of inflation, that is discussed and analyzed in the essay provides the measure of price changes, which occur for many goods and services. When it comes to individual goods, the changes in the prices vary greatly. The prices of number of goods such as gasoline, health care, housing and automobiles have significantly increased during the last decades. On the other hand, the prices of the commodities such as computing power and calculators have decreased. Different methods are used to measure the inflation rate, but the most common approach to measure inflation in the United States is Consumer Price Index (CPI) which includes the steps, described in the essay. The researcher then focuses on the calculating of the real inflation rates in the United States and provides graphics and charts on the topic of Percent Changes in Inflation and Consumer Price Index Levels. It is then concluded by the researcher that the stock market and the housing market had gone down, thereby reducing the supply of money and creating a crisis of liquidity, thus sinking the United States into a deflationary period where the prices were in fact lower than 2008, reaching a deflationary short of -2.1% in the month of July of the year 2009.

Lifestyle and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lifestyle and Health - Essay Example This is so for the different elements of the physical body generally work in harmony with each other to maintain a good health, but this can only be possible if a healthy lifestyle is maintained (World Book Encyclopedia, 1994). Positive lifestyle factors can hugely improve the state of health of the individual. The World Book Dictionary defines health as that state of being well or not sick. Hodal (2005) further asserts that this should also encompass the optimal state where the physical, mental and social well being of the individual is attained. There should be a more holistic approach in considering health. There should be an interrelation among the different aspects of the human body, including the lifestyle, to achieve the optimum state of health (Hodal, 2005). Everyone has always been told to eat a healthy diet. What does this proposition really entail Having a healthy diet means eating the right food and feeding the body with the essential minerals, vitamins, proteins, fats and carbohydrates that are crucial for an individual to properly function (Hodal, 2005). Food is needed to support the body. Food is needed to make one healthy. Food is also part of the lifestyle of any individual. This is why any food, particularly eating the healthy diet, is one big chunk in the positive lifestyle factors and a necessary element to fight off nutritional diseases like obesity or extreme fatness (World Book Encyclopedia, 1994). Being active and mobile are also essential to health. It was declared not too long ago that one epidemic that is threatening Asians is the diabetes (Zabriskie, 2002). Diabetes, once it has invaded the body, cannot anymore be eradicated; the adverse effects, however, can still be avoided (Zabriskie, 2002). The best solution so far, to control the disease is to have an active. It was further pointed out by Zabriskie (2002) that having a healthy diet, lots of exercise, seeking regular check ups and controlling the weight are important elements in the lifestyle of a person, especially for the diabetic. It is truly undeniable that a healthy lifestyle is needed to improve on the health and whole being of the individual. In much the same way, the negative lifestyle factors also have a major impact on the health of an individual. It was shown that there are behavioural and social issues that can really threaten the healthy state of the body of the individual (Lyons and Langille, 2000). Before, society is concerned with the threat of infectious diseases; today the main concern is the hazard of leading unhealthy lifestyles (World Book Encyclopedia, 1994). There are many negative factors that people imbibed in their daily life like smoking, overeating, drinking, lack of sleep and lack of exercise. Such stressful behaviours can affect the overall body of the person and lead to ailments and health problems (National Women's Health Resource Center, 2006). Obesity is one health problem that people today are facing. This is a significant problem that has come about because of unhealthy and poor diet. It was found that the average American diet is high in salt, sugar and fat, characteristic of foods that encourage obesity (Smith and Pergola, 2002). Experts also declared that there is a sudden threat of diabetes in Asia and it has been tagged as the 'silent killer' (Zabriskie, 2002). This was generally attributed to the drastic and negative lifestyle change among Asians. Eating mainly Western cuisine, drinking

Analysis of an Historian's Arguement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of an Historian's Arguement - Essay Example The Rabbinites based a legal and religious system on the Talmud, which is a practice that continues to the modern day. It is the socio-cultural and political relationship between these two sects that Marina Rustow surveys in her in her historical work Heresy and the Politics of Community1. Her scholarship about marriage in particular shows that arranged-type marriages demonstrate a series of strategic maneuvers to accomplish the goals of families, regardless of religious affiliations. In many ways, and through many primary sources, Rustow shows the Jewish marriage practice at the time to be very much a business-like decision, with rights, legal proxies, and contracts2. Rustow’s extensive details of the marriages between members of the two communities demonstrates broad yet through historical scholarship, and will leave a lasting impact on how the historians view the relationship between the Rabbinites and Qaraites. Rustow’s conclusions give us reason to change our perception of the Rabbinites and Qaraites as socially competing or mutually exclusive. Marriage, a cohesive factor bringing people legally and spiritually together, seemed to soften the boundaries between â€Å"Rabbanite† and â€Å"Qaraite† such that the two categories were neither absolute nor mutually exclusive. She gives the example of Yosef who became a Rabbanite, to, as she says, â€Å"in order to facilitate his transition to the Jewish community in Fustat†3. This anecdote suggests that the lines between Qaraite, which is the community Yosef had grown up a part of, and Rabbanite, the community that he ultimately joins to transition into the Jewish community, were not as starkly opposed as is traditionally thought. In fact, it may be said that instead of treating each other as theological and political enemies, the two groups depended on each other financially and socially for support. In the chapter o n marriages, Rustow makes this clear by investigating and commenting on the extent to which

To what extent do you consider that women's political activism in the Essay

To what extent do you consider that women's political activism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was predominantly concerened with women's suffrag - Essay Example The campaign to abolish slavery, the temperance unions, the property right reform movements, marriage and divorce legislation reforms, birth control awareness movements to socialist and Marxist causes all had substantial feminine influence and presence. Women leaders emerged in various fields and they by their example dispelled the notion of women as inherently weak beings. Despite this overwhelming tide of feminist causes, suffrage or the fight by women to enfranchise themselves held a truly unique position. It was the domineering demand of the time, as is evidenced in the literature of the era. The common belief was that the right to vote would enable women to attain all the other rights. The fact that the male political institutions were reluctant to grant enfranchise to women constantly reminded them of their second class citizenship within the state. The movement brought together women from all walks of life and drew supporters that belonged to the social high class, the working middle class, the lower classes and even people from the slums. The activists conducted rallies and marches that attracted overwhelming public support and sympathy. Organizations formed by women to advocate the cause of their suffrage were formed all over the world far outnumbering any similar associations for other reform movements. Women showed a sense of global sisterhood for championing the right to enfranchisement. When women won the vote in Australia and New Zealand, their counterparts in the United States of America and the United Kingdom argued their cases as examples before their legislatures. Leaders of the movement in both the sides of the Atlantic visited each other very often and exchanged ideas. Very early on in the movement it had become evident that women winning the vote in any one country of the industrialized west would pave the way for social taboos to be broken down everywhere else. This sense of unity,

European Single Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

European Single Market - Essay Example The first two treaties are the ‘Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)’ (Moens & Trone, 2010, p.2). Article 54 of the 2010 Official Journal of European Union requires that commercial firms be treated as natural persons who are citizens of the Member States. The challenges faced The need for the states to come together and surrender part of the sovereignty was initiated by that urge to have some strong decision-making body that could collectively empower the member states (Barnard & Scotts, 2002, p.136). The union has bodies charged with enacting certain policies that are common to the member states and ensure that the policies are followed accurately. Some of these policies regulate the trade in the area. It thus serves to protect the member states against any irregularities and this explains why our country had to be a member. The policies enacted by the governing bodies of the union regulate our operation as a comp any that trades in the region. Zandia is a sovereign state found in Eastern Europe and is a member of the European Union. Our trade operations in the area thus fall under the policies of the European Union. However, the government of Zandia has imposed certain restrictions to our trade in the country, some of which are not conforming to the laid treaties. One challenge that we have experienced is that, there is a charge levied on the importation of film for production purposes. The net earning from such charges is aimed at supporting the actors in the country who are jobless. This is contrary to the provisions of the EU treaty in several ways. Chapter 2 of Title VII of the 2010 Official Journal of European Union clearly explains the terms under which the Member States can impose taxes on both imported and exported goods within their borders. In particular, article 110 of the chapter states that ‘no member state shall impose, directly or indirectly, on the products of other mem ber states any internal taxation of any kind in excess of that imposed directly or indirectly on similar domestic products’. The article further asserts that no such taxes are supposed to be levied on imported commodities to serve the interest of the domestic producers. This creates a competitive disadvantage on our side. While it is the role of the union to promote the economic development in areas with low standards of leaving and serious underemployments, article requires that such an aid by the State should not distort competition by favoring others. Besides, the unemployment witnessed in Zandia among the actors is not a serious one to obtain the assistance from the state resources. Secondly, there is a charge for inspecting imported DVDs standards for quality under a mandatory EU scheme. This is also not conforming to the provisions in the above Chapter 2 concerning charges levied on goods within the internal market. Article 112 in this chapter requires that any charge t hat can be imposed on any imported or exported products within the member states shall be approved only by the European Council in conjunction with the Commission. The article 112 states that: â€Å"In the case of charges other than turnover taxes, excise duties and other forms of indirect taxation, remissions and repayments in respects to other Member States may not be granted and countervailing charges in respects to imports from Member States may

Strategic Management Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management Essay Having read a case study about the Apple computer company, I as the senior manager of my company have decided to perform a SWOT analysis about the company.   This is in a close attempt of developing various strategies to improve my company whose turn over seems to be falling of recently.  Ã‚   The Apple company is doing well with relatively a high increasing annual profit and indeed high rate of expansion where it has even opened other distributory branches all over the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company has a highly intensified marketing and advertisement probe.   In the recent past, it has held a diversified advertisement campaign through the media, Internet, newspapers, and even sales promotions.   Due to this marketing campaign, people have been able to have awareness about the product of the company.   Perhaps, this is what causes the company sales to be growing in such a high manner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has a good cooperate governance in its administration structure, where the responsibilities of each party are well defined.   All the members in this administration works in conjunction with one another and the offices of different administrators are allocated with different responsibilities.   For example, there is the office of the human resource manager, financial manager, marketing, logistics and project manager.   The company decisions are determined by a Board of directors. (Drejer, 2002, p. 81)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company depicts a good costing system, where optimatility in resource allocation is fostered in marketing, logistics, company administrative performance and other related costing areas.   It has exercised an optimal allocation of its resources which includes, service rendering, product, administrative and human resource capital. (Warner, 2001, p.56)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technology is highly developed in the company, where most of the tasks and responsibilities are performed with high technical methods. The company has been perceived to use high computerized network in its administration.   Either, it has employed developed and advanced technical methods, where financial, human resource, sells and distribution and logistics databases are said to be highly pronounced.   Such technological development is said have improved efficiency above quality and optimality in resource allocations. (Roney, 2004, p.48)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company has maintained a good financial management system where the financial data analysis has been done by advanced computerized accounting system.   The management and human resource capital in the financial department comprises of highly academically qualified personnel’s.   Over the years, the company audited results have been voted as good results.  Ã‚   The finance department is also manned by high regulations that entail only performance by its workers under strict regulations. (Roney, 2004, p. 51)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is depicted to have a good human resource capital, where high qualified professionals have been employed to man different offices and departments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Either, the company is depicted to have a strategy in its operations; its operations consist of many branches, agents and brokers all over the country.   It has also engaged in other methods of sales where it is having deliveries of good and services to the customer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However the same company is affected by some weakness.   Firstly, it is having a too authoritative and self-decision making top management.   Rather than initiating the voice of the shareholder and other third parties to be business, the top management has been the sole decision maker in the company.   This constitutes too excessive powers of the directors and top branch managers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Either the company has seemed to make different diversified allocations on financial expenditure in marketing and forming further expansion.   This is a weakness as it may ruin excessive expenditure by the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to its current good performing nature, the company is able to perform and expand more.   In respect to its strategies, it is able to compete well in the highly competitive market.   Perhaps the current expansion and development in the company can be attributed to its mode of strategies in management.   If the company continues to use such strategies, it will be able to compete more with its competitors and even have a expansion and related profit turnovers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the good performance of the Apple Company, its authoritative top administration is a big threat to its expansion.   This brings the problem of managerialism, whereby the activities of a company are totally determined by the management.   This is a threat in its financial system in which the top management may squander/misuse the company’s finances.   Such an authoritative administration is a threat to the company’s expansion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because my company depicts to have strategic weakness in its management the solution to this would be to compliment with development in management strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Firstly, my company lacks good corporate governance which has lead to conflicts in its management.  Ã‚   There are no clear regulations as to the roles of different parties in its administration.   Therefore it would be important to ensure such good governance and more so, delicate duties adequately to all its offices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My company has performed poor in its market campaign in product awareness to our customers.   This is an important area if our company is to improve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elsewhere, my company has been using low level of technological orientation, where most of the duties have been performed manually and inconsistency in data and information availability.   If the company is to improve therefore, it has to improve its information technology for more databases for easy availability of information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since we have had poor costing system, improving on such would ultimately mean lower cost and hence higher profit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My company has also had weaknesses in allocating its resources.   Our resource allocation has not been to a full and optimal scale.  Ã‚   Some resources have been under utilized and misallocated.   However, expansion of our company ultimately calls for improvement in allocation of its resources. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warner, M. (2001) Comparative Management: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management London; Routledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roney, C. (2004) Strategic Management Methodology: Generally Accepted Principle for Practitioners, Westport, CT: Praeger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drejer, A. (2002) Strategic Management and Core Competencies: Theory and Application.   West Port, CT: Quorum Books.

Person Centred Model Of Counselling Psychology Essay

Person Centred Model Of Counselling Psychology Essay Carl Rogers an influential American psychologist, one of the many theorists although, arguable the most leading figure whom founded humanistic psychology and established the person centred approach (Charleson, 2011). The term person centred arose from the perceptions clients were and are treated as the reality (Colledge, 2002). Rogers view was that there are as many different realities as there are people within the world. Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of the psychoanalysis and the behaviourists view to counselling (McLeod, 2008) and the approach is as it claims to be person centred, thus meaning that the person centred counselling is the non directive approach of the counsellor. According to Wilkins (2010), the client directs the session as they themselves are said to be the expert on their experiences. Rogers also stated that for successful therapy to be achieved there were six necessary conditions, three of them Rogers termed as the core conditions that relate to the attitude of the counsellor and the modus operandi. The three core conditions are that the counsellor is empathetic, has unconditional positive regard for the client and congruence between the self and the organisms. I will discuss the three core conditions in more detail further on within my reflective piece of work. (reference) However, the theoretical assumption to person centred counselling started with the belief that both the counsellor and client are trustworthy (Colledge, 2002) and every individual have the innate potential to actualise. Rogers draw upon this term of actualising from Maslows hierarchy of needs, formulated his ideas of the person centred approach, and termed it the self-actualisation of a person, as previously mentioned Rogers believed that all individuals have the potential to self- actualise provided the right conditions are present (Mearns, Thorne, 2010). Another point which Colledge (2002) stated was that the foundation to Rogers theory of the frame of reference is subjective or perceptual, which leads me onto the next point regarding this skill of a counsellor. The frame of reference is a fundamental skill to counselling, which I believe means I feel what the client feels and experience what the client experiences and I perceive the situation as they perceive it. As I think of a clients frame of reference, I am reminded of a particular sentence that I would like to share, as I find it a mystical way to explain the meaning to the frame of reference for myself. It was a particular sentence within a Mearns and Thorne book (2000, p.55) that stated the possible depth to people and their way of being as an Invisible dance of communication between the therapist and the client. In a sense, this sentence could possibly describe one particular practice session that stands out within my mind. I was the counsellor with one of my peer members within our trios group, I felt completely within her moment, I was within her frame of reference, and we were in the invisible dance of communication described by Mearns and Thorne. However, I am aware that this could possibly be down to the fact that we have a relationship that is established, the words I was hearing were in context, and I do have more knowledge of her (Tolan, 2012) character and personality. She explained how she would approach a problem, and I visualized her actions, but unfortunately, I did not share my visualisation or voice this with her. In reflecting on this, I am not entirely sure what core conditions I could use to describe this other than being with her in the moment. Locus of evaluation could be either external or internal. The external locus of evaluation is described as, the thoughts and opinions of external people in the way they want you to live your life (Gladding, 2011) or alternatively through the conditions of worth that was placed on you from childhood. On the other hand, with the internal locus of evaluation, you live your life within your rules and in charge of your own thoughts and opinions. Time boundaries or time keeping are with no doubt the parameters or guidelines that govern a working relationship between the client and counsellor (Hough, 2010) and I realise that time keeping is essential and it is good practice when I am a trained counsellor or hope to be. If I cannot be reliable on my course, how can the clients rely upon me? I was reading the written work of Spurling (2004) when I came across a paragraph, which explains beautifully the importance of time boundaries and the process of counselling, This process is about change and the rate or pattern of change cannot be predicted in advance, as it is the outcome of the interchange between counsellor and client, and the unpredictability of the counselling therefore needs predictability in the structure of the setting in order to be sustained (Spurling, 2004, p.29). I understand this and realise the importance to the time boundaries within a counselling session and the ability to adhere to it. As mentioned previously there are three core conditions for successful therapy to be achieved which relate to the counsellors attitude. It is, without hesitation that a counsellor needs to have the core conditions that Carl Rogers outlines (Gladding, 2011) within his person centred model of the Counselling theory. These include Empathy, Congruence, and unconditional positive regard (UPR) towards the client. These core conditions I believe are necessary for counselling to be effective for the client and for client progression into a fully functioning person, that is, a person whom uses their ability to the fullest extent possible (Gladding, 2011). However, according to Gladding (2011), there are two levels of empathy. One is described primary empathy, the other is advanced empathy, and the two levels are defined differently. However, I will only be referring to the primary level of empathy within this piece of work, as I am only within the first semester of my degree. I do not believe I can or I am able to convey the advanced level of empathy at this stage, as I would only be able to demonstrate this advanced stage as I progress within the remaining years of my degree. Empathy as defined by Gladding (2011) is a counsellors ability to effectively, reflect back to the client their feelings, thoughts and to be within the clients frame of reference concerning the situation or point of view that the client may perceive as being current. Empathy one of the necessary and sufficient conditions for change (McMillian, 2004, p.53) with congruence and unconditional positive regard (UPR) or simply known as the acceptance of a clients position or point of view. The core conditions of the person centred approach will be addressed further on in my reflective essay within the person centred approach to counselling. It is my belief that we are encouraged to use primary empathetic responses by the skills of clarification, paraphrasing and reflecting the clients feelings back to them. Although as I began practicing the role of a counsellor, I felt that at times I was parroting words that my peers had said, reflecting back on these sessions, I now know that in some instances the words only hold part of the meaning and do not fully express the deeper feelings. I have realised this and I am endeavouring to try listening more vigilantly to the clients tone of voice or any hesitations, and to be aware of the clients body language as all these factors can convey a deeper meaning than words can. However, Gladding (2011) goes on further to define empathy or conveying empathy as being able to put myself in the clients situation with their perception and emotion but remaining objective, this definition from Gladding appears to be very similar to the core condition of UPR. I believe that in everyday life I am empathetic towards people and suspend my own personal judgement and opinions, which, in the person centred approach are highly important for any client to form a trusting relationship and encourages them to self-explore on a deeper level. This point is closely intertwined with Carl Rogerss core conditions of UPR and congruence. Unconditional positive regard is one of the core conditions I find quite easy to demonstrate within the practice session with my peers. This I believe is one of my qualities that I possess. I am not a person without defence barriers, behaviours, or reactions that can be perceived by others as inconsiderate and perhaps foolish at times. I am also able to accept that I make mistakes but I am not afraid to admit them, so I accept people, as I would like them to be acceptant of me. However, as much as I would like to believe that I am a non-judgemental person, there could quite possible be a time I am faced with a client or situation that I cannot accept. I am positive that the Personal development on the degree will help me to address my own fears and unresolved issue so my ability on offering the core condition of UPR is increased which enables my clients or prospective clients to achieve constructive change. According to Rogers, (1959, p.208) UPR seems effective in bringing about change within the client. It is my understanding that congruence is being truthful and honest, however, Rogers states in his six necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change that the role of congruence must be within the therapist or integrated into the relationship. Rogers (1959) also linked congruence to the other core conditions of empathy and UPR, he stated that for therapy to occur within the therapeutic relationship the wholeness of counsellor needs to be primary, but part of congruence must be the experience of myself and the client would need to experience empathy, congruence, and UPR. As a counsellor, I believe it will be difficult for me not to ask questions on a regular basis. This weakness will be a target for me to achieve, and to only ask questions when appropriate, also as it is person centred counselling it is a practice of non directive approach to therapy and asking questions could possible direct the client. The client could also perceive some questions as being oppressive and insinuating that they should feel or think in a specific way, in other words, I could unintentionally impose more conditions of worth onto the client. The asking of questions I believe will be a challenge; however, I do understand, that questions may be asked of the client but only when it is appropriate to do so and to approach asking any questions in a thoughtful and non-judgemental way. Challenge Silence To conclude, Rogers person centred theory seems quite simple however, it appears to be difficult for me at this early stage to demonstrate certain core conditions within the practice sessions but I will endeavour to achieve and be the best that I can be. Although, I am quite comfortable with the theory and deep respect for Rogers theory, I am however looking forward to learning more about the different approaches to counselling, for example, cognitive behaviour and the gestalt approach. I am intrigued to find out how they differ and compare them to the person centred approach. Words 1868 / 2000

What Is Professional Competency In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay

What Is Professional Competency In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay Introduction Why is professional competence a fundamental requirement in nursing practice? In satisfying this query, one must reflect on ones functions as a nurse. From this, one can realise the undeniable fact that nurses play a crucial role in the delivery of health care services. The very lives of people are at stake and so one must practice competently. Professional competence is a must in nursing practice. In line with this thought, this essay will explore ones practice of nursing in relation to the Australian Nursing Midwifery Council (ANMC) and the Australian Nursing Federation (ANF) competency standards. This essay will also explore what competence is all about and what it means to be a professionally competent nurse. Main Body The ANMC (2006, p.14) defines competence as the combination of skills, knowledge, attitudes, values and abilities that underpin effective and/or superior performance in a profession or occupational area. Competency in nursing is very well acknowledged and sought by all health care institutions. There is always an inherent desire on the part of health care institutions to determine and improve the competence level of their nurses. In fact, Zuzelo (2009) relate that numerous healthcare institutions are investing time and money into systems that can assess competency of nursing professionals. In highly industrialised nations, competency of nursing professionals is sought after and achieved through competency based approach training (Cowan, Norman Coopamah, 2005). The idea of competence seems to have skills at its core, in particular clinical skills, that is ones essential to best practice (Roberts, 2009). However, skills without knowledge is dangerous, according to Roberts (2009). A pr ofessionally competent nurse does not neglect the important aspect of nursing as a caring profession. Being competent does not only imply that one is very knowledgeable and skilled. It also connotes ones genuine care to patients. It is worthy to declare that caring and competency are not exclusive concepts but are naturally intertwined (Masters, 2005). To be professionally competent is to be properly qualified, capable, adequate for the purpose, and sufficient. As professional nurses, we are competent to practice nursing by virtue of our education and licensure as registered nurses. To be competent however, we must meet additional criteria. The ANMC (2006) competency standards for the registered nurse comprises of 4 domains, namely professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, provision and coordination of care and collaborative and therapeutic practice. From among the sub-classifications of the first domain, what can be considered as most striking in relation to ones practice include the need to practice in accordance with legislation affecting nursing practice and health care as well as the need to practice within a professional and ethical nursing framework (ANMC, 2006). These two sub-classifications are worthy to note because of the fact that moral and legal conflicts often complicate decision making in nursing practice. Nurses are typically confronted with conflicting scenarios which are often both important things to consider. The only dilemma is which of the two must be the top priority. For instance, taking care of a patient who refuses any form of treatment poses a legal dilemma on the part of the nurs e. This is especially true because the ANMC (2006) competency standards direct nurses to recognise and accept the rights of others. On one side, there is the professional desire of the nurse to help the patient by initiating treatment. On the other hand, legal ethics dictate that patients have the right to refuse treatment. In ones personal experience, taking care of a patient whose religion does not allow blood transfusion is a real dilemma. In this particular scenario, the nurse was torn between educating the patient to eventually accept treatment or simply respect the refusal of treatment and just relate to the patient the possible consequences of such refusal. It was clear in the nurses mind that the ANMC (2006) dictates one to accept individuals or groups regardless of race, culture, religion, age, gender, sexual preference, physical or mental state. Furthermore, there is the need to practise in a manner that acknowledges the dignity, culture, values, beliefs and rights of indi viduals or groups (ANMC, 2006). Unfortunately, this is easier said than done especially when one of the above mentioned factors goes against or impedes a crucial treatment that may actually save a patients life. It is true that religious faith is often invoked by patients when their health and wellbeing is threatened. According to Andrews and Boyle (2008) religion is especially crucial to patients during periods of health crisis. Although, adhering to a particular religion is mostly viewed as a positive concept for patients; unfortunately, such adherence does not always result into a positive outcome. It can hinder the patients acceptance to treatment and care. This points out to another important aspect of competence and that is, a deeper understanding of cultural diversity. In line with this, Cherry Jacob (2005) state that health professionals which naturally include nurses, need to respond to the consequences of an increasing cultural diversity of nursing clientele in order to s afeguard the welfare of all health care consumers. Different values and beliefs are adhered to by patients. Community, social and kinship ties, language, religion, food and cultural perceptions of health and wellness are all matters of importance that need to be understood by the nurse when working with culturally diverse patients (Daniels, 2004). Cultural diversity challenges nurses to triumph over cultural gaps with patients by providing culturally appropriate care (Daniels, 2004). Cultural competence is the process whereby a nurse provides care that is suitable to the clients cultural context (Daniels, 2004). In essence, cultural competence is important in the practice of nursing. A nurse is only truly competent if he or she can knowingly handle patients whose entire value system is different from his or her own but still manages to establish and maintain a therapeutic relationship that paves way for effective implementation of nursing actions. Another important issue within the sphere of the first domain of professional practice implies the need to question and/or clarify orders and decisions that are unclear, not understood or questionable (ANMC, 2006). Moreover, there is the necessity to question and/or clarify interventions that appear inappropriate with relevant members of the health care team (ANMC, 2006). In following this directive, a nurse may often hesitate to question the validity of a particular intervention whether it was given by a fellow nurse or by some other health care professional such as a doctor. In ones own practice, hesitation comes from the desire not to create a conflict and bad blood with colleagues and fellow members of the health care team. Unfortunately, in abiding the directive of questioning particular actions of another when deemed inappropriate will more often than not cause some form of disagreement or clash between the professionals. Inter-professional conflicts have been documented since the time of Florence Nightingale (Kalisch Kalisch, 1977 cited in Coombs, 2004). In ones personal experience, the common escape route for this possible conflict is to question an order by way of politely suggesting an alternative which in reality is not an alternative but a recommendation to abolish the questioned order. For example, in questioning a doctors order, the nurse would typically suggest to the doctor the need for the latter to also consider some other assessed patient data with the hope that the doctor will realise that he or she made a mistake instead of directly asking the doctor why he or she prescribed such seemingly inappropriate order. It is an extremely rare scenario where a nurse openly recommends to the doctor to change what the latter has ordered. The subservience of nurses over doctors is a scenario that is very common especially in areas where doctors and nurses are in constant interaction with each other which if pondered upon occurs in almost all areas of a health institution. This particular doctor-nurse type of interaction is referred to as a doctor-nurse game (Stein, 1967 cited in Stein-Parbury, 2008). The doctor-nurse game described over 30 years ago persists in the communication patterns of some doctors and nurses ( Knox Simpson, 2004). In line with this issue, a truly competent nurse knows how to play the game well. He or she is able to question other professionals actions if necessary without causing unhealthy disagreements among them. Effective team behavior operates when health care providers communicate openly and courteously with each other ( Wolf, 2006). The second domain focuses on the implications of researching for evidence based practice (ANMC, 2006). This domain also points out the obligation to participate in ongoing professional development of self and others (ANMC, 2006). In ones own practice of nursing, continuing professional education has always been ones primary goals. It is a way of empowering oneself to be able to keep up with the trends in the practice of nursing. Attending formal and informal lectures and orientations makes one feel more competent. In essence, competence entails seeking out continuing professional education in order to build up a well founded source of knowledge and skills that will be necessary in coping with the dynamic changes in healthcare. Continuing education is intended to ensure health care practitioners knowledge is current (Griscti, 2006). In the advent of modern technology and skyrocketing increase for the demand of high quality care, nurses must be keen in upgrading or at least maintaining the current accepted level of competency required upon them. The high competency required upon nurses is only natural considering the fact that nurses are at the forefront of health care delivery. Nurses who stay abreast of new information and apply evidence-based theory to their practice will be able to provide competent, quality care to their patients (Valloze, 2009). This is the reason why competence is such a crucial issue in the practice of nursing. The salient component of the third domain relates the significance of the nursing process which naturally includes conducting a comprehensive and systematic assessment, planning and implementing safe and effective evidence based nursing care, and then evaluating the expected outcomes (ANMC, 2006). To simply describe it, the nursing process is a problem-solving technique (Carpenito-Moyet, 2007). It is a step by step strategy utilised by a nurse in solving patient problems that come within the scope of nursing practice. In ones own practice of nursing, the tricky part of nursing process is the nursing assessment. Nursing assessment may be defined as the systematic and continuous collection and analysis of information about patients (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2007). It is difficult to confidently say that one has thoroughly assessed a patient. It is because one needs to consider a wide array of factors. There is also the burden to ensure that ones assessment is comprehensive in as much as it b ecomes the basis of nursing and medical interventions. In connection to this, competency in nursing comes when one is able to collect and distinguish which patient information is important and which can be discarded. The care of patients is dependent upon the competency of the nurse is assessing those signs and symptoms that are related to the patients medical condition. For the fourth domain, what is most relevant to ones practice are the need to establish and maintain therapeutic relationship with patients and the necessity to collaborate with other health care professionals in providing comprehensive nursing care (ANMC, 2006). As a nurse, building and sustaining a therapeutic relationship with patients is important. It is the initial step in obtaining patients trust and confidence. Dossey Keegan (2009) declare that it is an important part of nursing care. In an effective therapeutic relationship, patients feel the genuine support of nurses while the nurses feel a certain degree of satisfaction in his or her role (Dossey Keegan, 2009). Initiating a therapeutic relationship with patients is in compliance the ANMC (2006) requirement of undertaking assessments which are sensitive to the needs of individuals or groups. Competency standards in this domain includes that a nurse has the ability to address the physiological, psychological, physical, emot ional and spiritual needs of patients and significant others as well as to optimize the physical and non-physical environment ( Dunn, Lawson Robertson, 2000). A competent nurse always begins his or her interventions by establishing a therapeutic relationship with patients that will increase efficacy of succeeding interventions. The ANF competency standards consist of 3 domains namely conceptualises practice, adapts practice and leads practice (ANF, 2005). As an experienced practitioner, one can meet these competency standards by reflecting on ones own experiences and placing these experiences in correct perspective for future reference. One can learn how to better provide nursing care for a particular scenario by reflecting on previous experiences that are similar to the one currently confronted with. What is required in order to meet the competency standards contained within the first domain is self-reflection. Self-reflection activities are an essential component of expert nursing practice (Dossey Keegan, 2009). This self-reflection; however, must be coupled with formal continuing development or education plus implementation of researches of relevant issues in nursing practice. This is because of the fact that this domain requires use the best available evidence and health and/or nursing models (ANF, 200 5). Research in nursing will help in identifying evidence-based nursing practice (Polit Beck, 2004). For the second domain, one can satisfy the competency standards contained within by being dynamic in finding out possible reliable sources that will support a particular method of rendering nursing care. This is because the second domain directs nurses to draw on a wide repertoire of knowledge and processes to tailor nursing practice in complex and challenging clinical situations (ANF, 2005). Furthermore, as an experienced practitioner, one needs to further upgrade ones technical skills in handling subordinates if any and in abiding by institution policies more strictly. One must also develop how to predict possible scenarios which may result from interventions implemented. The third domain of the ANF competency standards relates the concept of promoting and improving nursing practice through leadership. Definitely, as an experienced practitioner there have been many instances when one has asserted oneself as the leader of the group in order to smoothly direct patient care. For an experienced practitioner to successfully meet the third domain, one must hone ones leadership skills. Honing ones leadership skills does not necessarily mean that one should always act as the team leader. In becoming a leader one must also experience being a member and under the authority of another professionals leadership. The leadership often invoked in this domain is one that solicits active participation of the members. This implies a collaborative leader. Milstead Furlong (2006) state that a collaborative leader is what is most sought in todays health care system. Conclusion To sum up, true professional nursing competence requires accumulation of evidence based knowledge and skills. It also entails understanding cultural diversity and how it affects the kind of care that must be provided. Competence is also equated with genuine care. The ANMC competency standards are crucial in directing the way nurses must think and act. In the same light, the ANF competency standards help experienced nurses to become even better. These competency standards may be idealistic but it is certainly realistic and attainable if only nurses give more of their time reflecting on their own practice and in trying to assimilate through actions these competency standards.

Book Report On Cover Up Essay -- essays research papers

Cover-Up The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was a very emotional time in our nation's history. This horrifying incident occurred on November 22, 1963, in a motorcade procession in Dallas, Texas. At 12:30 in the afternoon the procession was going down Elm Street in Dealy Plaza, when shots were fired. One struck President Kennedy in the throat and moments later a bullet tore apart his head. At 1:00 p.m., President JFK was pronounced dead. That same afternoon, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested as a suspect of murder. Oswald however, pleaded his innocence by stating, " I'm just a patsy." This caused many suspicions and questions. Was he a lone assassin? Was he innocent? Was there a conspiracy against the president? These questions called for Lyndon B. Johnson, the new president, to form the Warren Commission specifically to investigate the assassination. It was named for the Chairman, and the Chief Justice of the United States, Earl Warren. This commission, after ten mon ths of investigation, presented their report to President Johnson. The 26 volumes of testimony and exhibits, " overwhelmingly supported the conclusions that the assassination was no conspiracy, but the work of one unhappy man, Lee Harvey Oswald." (New York Times) However many Americans continued to believe there was a conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy. The book Cover- Up, by Stewart Galanor, is a great description of the facts and fictions of the investigation. The shots the president received were both incredibly fatal. The first shot to the neck was seen to be an entrance wound, however this seems to be impossible if the assassin was behind him 6 floors up. However, like usual, the Warren Commission performed a test and proved the shot to indeed be an exit wound. The test was performed using a goatskin to show that entrance and exit wounds are similar in appearance, when they really are not. The Warren Commission stuck to their beliefs, although it was obviously a false idea. The fatal wound was also discussed and questioned. Many doctors thought there really was no fatal blast to the head, just a small exit wound. However, two Parkland doctors described the head wound to be extremely fatal. One doctor stated, "As I took position at the head of the table, I was in such a positi... ...ottom of the decade's greatest mystery. As for the Warren Commission, they were really doing the same thing, except they were just looking for the easiest way out, not the truth. They should have known that one day all of their hidden evidence would be found. And it was, which caused great distrust, by the majority of Americans, in their own leaders, their government. The people in this book who went on record showing a part of the "cover-up" are very brave people, and they should be the people who the world looks to for the truth in the investigation. The information in this book was very interesting and attention grabbing. It really focused on the evidence of a conspiracy or cover- up. This book really taught me that some people will do anything to satisfy themselves, no matter what they have to do to others. All the people directly involved in the investigation seemed to give up or take over something to keep things as simple and secretive as possible. Even though th e world still went on and there were more conflicts to deal with, I think the most plaguing question of the average American in this decade was, "Who killed JFK?"

Organic Foods: America is Making Healthier Food Choices Essay -- Nutri

Many people in America believe that we should eat healthier foods. However, a large portion of the advertising created for food in America is focused on unhealthy foods and products, many of which are nutritionally poor and easily accessible to much of the population. This results in a contradictory ideal towards improvement of health, where individuals will constantly eat unhealthy foods and struggle to lose the weight that they will knowingly gain. If people in the modern American society were to focus more on consuming organic foods and products, people would be healthier, reducing high medical costs and improving the overall well-being of Americans. The benefits of organic foods should also be introduced to children in schools so they will be given the choice to shape their own eating habits for the future. The use of harsh chemicals in large-scale crop production is a common issue with non-organic crops. Intended to prevent pests and insects from destroying crops, pesticides and insecticides are often absorbed by the crops and are ingested by humans. Paige Parvin, a writer for Emory Magazine, addresses this issue in her article â€Å"Poison Apples†. In a study done by Chensheng Lu, assistant professor of Environmental and Occupational Health at Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health, focused on suburban children being exposed to organophosphate pesticides in food, a chemical linked to nerve gas that is used in farming (Parvin). Lu states, â€Å"What really surprised us is that the outcome reflects the hypothesis that by switching to organic produce, there would be no exposure to pesticides,† he says. With a simple change from eating nonorganic products and gradually introducing organic foods into the diets, similar to th... ...issued by nations on GMO’s and any possible need for their use in mainstream food markets, due to lack of testing and the assurance of any negative side effects associated with consumption of these modified foods. Spears, J.F, Klaenhammer, T.R, and Petters, R.M. Genetic Engineering of Food, Feed, and Fiber: Understanding Genetic Engineering. North Carolina Cooperative Connection Service. N.d. Web. 5 Mar 2011. This article was chosen for the positive outlook towards genetic engineering of crops, which help create more crop yields, longer lasting crops and specific variants of a crop resistant to pests and diseases. Though beneficial to the Earth, the lasting complications of ingesting genetically modified foods are a highly contestable topic in America, leading to the holistic and organic food movements.

Hypotheses Of The Effects Of Wolf Predation :: essays research papers

Hypotheses of the Effects of Wolf Predation Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effects of these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, and statistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explain many evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species. The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed to describe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation. Some of the proposed mechanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulate population densities. The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does not return to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply to one prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough to halt prey population

Berlin Crisis of 1961 from Perspective of Realism Theory Essay

Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the most dangerous moment of the Cold War. This conflict was mainly about the occupational status of Berlin. Berlin Crisis initially emerged in 1958 by the provocation of the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to conclude a separate peace treaty with East Germany unless the western powers recognized the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR) (I. W. Trauschweizer, 2006). However, the escalation of tensions began after the Vienna Summit in June 1961, where the USSR again raised the issue of ultimatum, which gave the United States six months for the withdrawal of Western armed forces from West Berlin. Berlin Crisis was not the only crisis during Cold War. Through the whole history of humanity there has always been a question why do wars and conflicts occur? In order to give an answer to this question we should explain some factors which made the war to occur. Crisis and especially Berlin Crisis can be understood from several perspectives, but in this paper it will be explained from realism theory perspective. As a famous representative of realism theory, Waltz asked himself the question why do wars occur? Waltz’s question is as old as war itself, possibly because â€Å"to explain how peace can be more readily achieved requires an understanding of the causes of war† (Waltz, 1959: 2). By the time Waltz posed this question, many answers to it already existed. These answers fell into three categories (or as IR theorists came to define them, were found at the three â€Å"levels of analysis† or in the â€Å"three images†). These three categories/levels/images are: the individual, the state, and the state system† (C.  Weber, 2009, p. 17). These main causes of conflict will be represented in detail in the main body of the paper by the example of Berlin Crisis. Although Waltz’s three categories of the causes of war explained many processes in the Berlin Crisis, there are also important points in the theory of realism, which typically explain Berlin Crisis, one of those points is the issue of bipolarity or multipolarity of the world. Morgenthau, an American academic and journalistic writer, in contrast to Waltz saw the stable world in multipolar rather than in a bipolar system. From his perspective bipolarity was dangerous for the world’s stability, because as we will see next, Berlin Crisis was the result of bipolar system, where two great powers tried to dominate the others, by increasing their power and authority. As Waltz said, each great power sought to survive. Thus, realism theory explained Berlin Crisis from many points of view. In order to better understand Berlin Crisis of 1961 from realism theory perspective, I will present the main points of realism theory. After, I will give a short historical background of Berlin Crisis and to summarize all these, I will illustrate how well realism theory explained the Berlin Crisis. The Realism Theory The most dominant theory throughout the Cold War was realism. Realism had a negative viewpoint concerning to abolishment of conflict and war. It described international relations as a struggle for power. The domination of realism during the Cold War was due to the fact that it gave simple but powerful explanation for war, alliances, imperialism, obstacles to cooperation, and other international phenomena, and of course, the competition was mainly related with the features of the American-Soviet rivalry (S. M. Walt, 1998). However the realist thought developed during the Cold War. †Classical† realists such as Hans Morgenthau considered that states, as human beings, had a wish to dominate others, which brings about a war. Giving advantage to multipolarity, Morgenthau considered that the bipolar rivalry between United States and the Soviet Union was very dangerous (S. M. Walt, 1998). â€Å"In contrast to â€Å"classical† realism, the â€Å"neorealist† theory, advanced by Kenneth Waltz, ignored human nature and focused on the effects of the international system (S. M. Walt, 1998, p. 31)†. He claimed that international system included great powers, which were seeking to stay alive. In contrast to Morgenthau, Waltz considered bipolar system more stable than multipolarity. When there are more than two poles, things get trickier. Balances are harder to strike and therefore risks increase, which brought about the wars (C. Weber, 2009). One of the most important features of realism is a theory of offence-defense. It was developed by Robert Jervis, George Quester and Stephen Van Evera. â€Å"When defense had the advantage and states could distinguish between offensive and defensive weapons, then states could acquire the means to defend themselves, without threatening others† (S. M. Walt, 1998, p. 31). â€Å"Defensive† realists thought that all states were seeking to survive and in this case, by creating alliances and adopting self-protective military position, great owers could solve their security problems. And as an example, Waltz and other neo-realists thought that the United States was protected and secured during the Cold War. Realists and neo-realists agreed that the prime aim of states was to survive and the increase of their power is the only way to guarantee their survival, because states with less power might fear of those with more power and therefore the possibility to attack them was the minimum. Besides, realists and neo-realists agreed that there was no possibility to get out from international anarchy. However there was one thing they disagree about: the issue of human nature. For example, Morgenthau argued that the nature of a man (and he meant the gender exclusive term â€Å"man†; see Tickner, 1992: Chapter 2) was defective and international politics would remain anarchical and conflictual because of the nature of man. Neorealists, of whom Kenneth Waltz was the first, disagreed with this consideration. â€Å"They argue that instead of looking to â€Å"natural† causes of conflict, we need to look to â€Å"social† ones (C. Weber, 2009, p. 16). ’ Waltz thought that the organization of social relations and not the nature of man determined there was a war or not, because states go to war as they are in a bad social organization. So, for realists, international anarchy was just the environment in which sovereign nation-states acted. For neo-realists, international anarchy described the social relations among sovereign nation-states, which explained why wars arise. By the end of the Cold War, realism had moved away from Morgenthau’s gloomy human nature and was taken on a little more positive stage (S.  M. Walt, 1998). Historical Background of Berlin Crisis After World War II Germany was divided– first into four sectors, with American, British, French and Soviet, and then into two, as the three Western sectors coalesced to form the new Federal Republic of Germany, leaving the Soviet sector to turn into the German Democratic Republic (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). And during this period Germany had two major cresses, but the 1961 Berlin crisis was generally perceived to be more dramatic and dangerous than its 1958 predecessor. The Kennedy Administration was more inclined than its predecessor to consider East–West disagreement over the Berlin crisis. President Kennedy gave a speech to the nation about preparing for war and began a $3. 4 billion military build-up in the summer of 1961. Both the US and the Soviet forces had a dramatic confrontation at a military checkpoint in Berlin. â€Å"Initially, The Berlin Crisis began in 1958, when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to conclude a separate peace treaty with East Germany unless the western powers recognized the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR) † (I.  W. Trauschweizer, 2006, 206). However, the main crisis heated through 1961. It escalated at the Vienna summit between Khrushchev and Kennedy in June 1961, when Khrushchev again raised issue of his ultimatum. Kennedy left Vienna shaken and expected the worst from the Soviet leader. He decided to increase the personal strength of US armed forces in Europe. However, the first step of aggression did the Soviet Union. On 13 August, East German police units closed the border between the Soviet sector and the three western sectors of Berlin. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 was one of the defining moments of the Cold War, and heightened the sense of tension. It was the moment when the crisis was stabilized. Even as it became increasingly apparent that Berlin was unlikely to provide a hot war, it provided the Cold War with its most conspicuous symbol, a regular stop for any visit to the city, a chance to stand and look over into a grey east and compare it with the wealth behind (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). The division of Berlin and building a wall was a shock for the Kennedy administration. Most of the United States government officials were expecting that the crisis would revolve, but there were some in the administration who thought that the East German government would take measures to stop the flow of refugees from East Germany, and they believed that the border closing might reduce tensions rather than lead to escalation. In order to enforce his influence in Western part of Berlin Kennedy decided to appoint Clay, who was a chairman of the Continental Can Company in New York, as his Special Representative in Berlin with the rank of Ambassador. Kennedy considered sending Clay to Berlin for the duration of the crisis in order to boost morale in the city, but also to create conditions that would persuade Soviet leaders to join in serious negotiations (I. W. Trauschweizer, 2006). The stand-off of Soviet and American tanks in the heart of Berlin in October 1961, constituted the most dangerous moment of the Cold War in Europe and it was one of the last major politico-military incidents of Cold War. As per standing orders, both groups of tanks were loaded with live munitions. The lert levels of the US Garrison in West Berlin, then NATO and finally the US Strategic Air Command were raised and both groups of tanks had orders to fire if fired upon. Clay was convinced that using US tanks as bulldozer to knock down parts of the Wall would have ended the Crisis to the greater advantage of the US and its allies without drawing out a Soviet military response. His views, and corresponding evidence that the Soviets may have backed down following this action, supported a more critical assessment of Kennedy’s decisions during the crisis and his willingness to accept the Wall- as the best solution. After, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to reduce tensions by withdrawing the tanks. One by one the tanks withdrew and Clay returned to the United States in May 1962. Anyway, there was no doubt that the Berlin Crisis and in general, the Cold War was really over when the Wall came down in November 1989. Berlin Crisis from Realism Theory Perspective As the most dominate theory during the Cold War was the realism we easily can view Berlin crisis from the perspective of this theory, because Berlin crisis was one of the major conflicts during the Cold War. Realism explained many processes of Berlin Crisis, but there were some miscalculations concerning to it. All about these will be represented in this part of the paper. The main competition in the world realism theory saw between the United States and the Soviet Union. Realists claimed that bipolar system of world was very dangerous and gave an advantage to multipolarity. Thus, the bipolar system was very typical during Berlin Crisis, but from the neorealism perspective the bipolar world was more stable. Here neorealists had a miscalculation, because during Berlin Crisis bipolarity dominated in the world and history shows that tensions were more escalated than ever. Thus, from this point of view realists’ thoughts more corresponded to reality, than that of the neorealists. From the perspective of realism theory states must have power in order to survive. United States and Soviet Union tried to do so by strengthening the power in Europe. According to Morgenthau human beings sought to get power and to dominate others. The Berlin Crisis was good example for this idea. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were doing everything to get more power in Europe and to dominate each other. After Vienna’s summit, tensions came obvious and the first reaction of both great powers was how not to lose power over Berlin. The result was the Berlin conflict. The building of Berlin wall can be described by the wish of great powers to survive in this situation and the increase of power was the main guarantee for survival. From the perspective of realism theory fear also made these two great powers to dominate in Berlin. Both the United States and the Soviet Union took actions from fear of losing a power. After Vienna summit Kennedy was shocked and expected everything from Soviet Union. And the fear of not losing a power made Kennedy to turn to drastic actions by increasing the power over Berlin. Berlin Crisis was a result of using force. Here is the good example of Acheson’s report â€Å"The Soviets would provoke a crisis in Berlin to take advantage of US conventional force inadequacies and humiliate the new Administration† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 31). In the Realism theory there was another important element of aggression during the Cold War. This kind of behavior we can see from the United State’s side. National Security Adviser Mc. George Bundy endorsed the Acheson report, urging the president that â€Å"Berlin is no place for compromise and our general friendliness and eagerness for improvement on many other points really requires strength here in order to be rightly understood† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 31). The aggressive tone of the Acheson approach and its support in the Administration contrasted with the political compromises President Kennedy wanted to be in Berlin, but Khrushchev’s belligerent behavior at the Vienna summit convinced the president of the Acheson argument. However, whatever the positions of both sides were â€Å"The Berlin crises of 1958 and 1961 suggested that the range of political choice was defined less by military capabilities than by the nature of the political conflict that gave rise to the use of force and by the willingness of adversaries to accept risk in order to achieve their political goals† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 38). However why did this crisis occur? Waltz asked himself a question like this one: why do wars occur in general? The answers to this question fell into three categories: the individual, the state, and the state system. Waltz argued that the major causes of war could be found at each of these categories and none of them alone could explain why wars do or do not occur. He came to this conclusion by beginning to look at the first category- a man. From the first category Waltz explained the war like this â€Å"the locus of the important causes of war is found in the nature and behavior of man. War results from selfishness, from misdirected aggressive impulses, from stupidity†¦ If these are the primary causes of war, then the elimination of war must come through uplifting and enlightening men or securing their psychic-social readjustment† (Waltz, 1959: 16). This idea is common with the behavior of Kennedy and Khrushchev during Berlin Crisis. In the basis of this conflict a nature and behavior of both Kennedy and Khrushchev can be found. They both had an aggressive behavior. Explanation of war of â€Å"men behaving badly† is very typical for Khrushchev, when in June 1961 Khrushchev again raised the issue of his ultimatum, which claimed an immediate withdrawal of US armed forces from Berlin. â€Å"Man behaves badly because he is bad by nature. He acts unreasonably or he prioritizes selfish goals over communitarian goals, and this is why conflicts and wars occur† (C. Weber, 2009, p. 17). As we already know for Waltz man alone cannot causes wars. He thought that man’s nature was too complex to be the direct and main cause for war. For the Berlin Crisis we can conclude the same. Even the great players of this crisis were the United States and the Soviet Union leading with Kennedy and Khrushchev, only their nature and behavior were not enough to incite conflict. Thus, we can look to social and political institutions to complete our understanding of why wars occur and especially why Berlin crisis occurred. Waltz asked whether the occurrence of wars could be explained by the internal organization of states and societies. Second category theorists argued that there are good and bad states, because of their formal governmental arrangements: for example, democratic vs. autocratic or their less formal social arrangements, who owned the means of production. Second image theories claimed that bad actors (this time states) make war, and good actors preserve the peace. However, there is no common answer which is a bad one and which is good, because some suggested good states would be democratic, others say they should be monarchical, others still say socialist. Waltz suggested, even if second image theorists could agree on what a good state was, there was still no guarantee that a world of â€Å"good states† would be a peaceful world. From this viewpoint realism theory could not explain which kind of state was good or bad, and we cannot say the democratic America or the socialist Soviet Union were the causes of the risis. Waltz concluded that this level of analyses was incomplete. For the third category he gave linkages between anarchy, state actions and conflict. â€Å"In anarchy there is no automatic harmony†¦ A state will use force to attain its goals if, after assessing the prospects for success, it values those goals more than it values the pleasures of peace. Because each state is the final judge of its own cause, any state may at any time use force to implement its policies. Because any state may at any time use force, all states must constantly be ready either to counter force with force or to pay the cost of weakness (Waltz, 1959: 160)† (C. Weber, 2009, p. 18). Waltz called bad social organization international anarchy. International anarchy is the permissive cause of war† (C, Weber, 2009, p. 16). From this viewpoint realism described the social organization of states and the cause why crisis started. Taking into account the ideas of Waltz, that in the world there was international anarchy, we can say that Berlin crisis was the result of it. These can bring about the idea that both United States and Soviet Union were in bad social organization. Waltz concluded that wars occur, because there is nothing to prevent it. So, for Waltz, international anarchy explained both why wars may occur and why there are limits on cooperation among states in the international system. Waltz argued that only international anarchy has the power to explain why wars may occur, if individuals and states have nothing to fear from one another, then they have no cause to fight with one another. This idea can be linked with the fear of Kennedy, when he left Vienna. He was expecting anything from the Soviet Union and the fear made him to strength the military personal of US armed forces in Berlin. He wanted to survive by maximizing power. Waltz believed that we need to look at â€Å"social† causes of conflict rather than on â€Å"natural†. He explained that good men behave badly in bad social organizations, and bad men can be stopped from behaving badly if they are in good social organizations. States go to war, then, because they are in a bad social organization. From the realism perspective the United States also had bad social organization, because the Kennedy Administration did not understand the 1961 crisis in these political terms. They viewed Soviet pressure on Berlin as a military challenge to declining US superiority, and concentrated their efforts on military responses. The Administration began a series of defense improvements and public commentary that exacerbated the instability of the East German regime and raised US–Soviet tensions. They abandoned this confrontational approach in August of 1961 when the Berlin Wall was constructed, opting instead to reduce US–Soviet tensions by supporting the long-term division of Germany (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). â€Å"While it is questionable whether the Kennedy Administration, new to office and without Eisenhower’s war fighting credibility, could have succeeded with the Eisenhower approach to Berlin, the stridency with which the Kennedy Administration approached the crisis exacerbated the problem, both with the Soviet Union and among the Western allies. The US failure to follow through on its hard-line approach when the Berlin Wall was built raised serious questions about the practicality of the Kennedy Administration’s new military strategy and the reliability of the US for its European allies† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 22). As we can see the main purpose of this conflict was to get power. Morgenthau said that â€Å"The struggle for power is universal in time and space† (Morgenthau 1948: 17) (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). Waltz also shared an opinion concerning to power â€Å"The daily presence of force and recurrent reliance on it mark the affairs of nations† (Waltz 1979: 186) (J.  Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). Structural realists give predominant emphasis to international anarchy. For example, John Herz argued that international anarchy assures the centrality of the struggle for power â€Å"even in the absence of aggression or similar factors† (Herz 1976: 10; compare Waltz 1979: 62–63) (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). The Berlin Crisis was vivied example of sharing the the power between two great powers and the thought of Waltz that states need a power in order to survive is very typical for Berlin Crisis. Conclusion To summarize all above mentioned I would like to say that the realism theory, which was the dominant one during the Cold War, explained many processes of Berlin Crisis. In general it gave important answers about Berlin Crisis. Realism emphasized the constraints on politics imposed by human nature and the absence of international government. Together, they make international relations largely a realm of power and interest (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 9). All realists emphasize the egoistic passions and self-interest in politics. The realists put emphasis on power and claimed that states need the power in order to survive. In case of Berlin Crisis, United States and Soviet Union maximized their power in order to get a dominant role in Europe. At the same time fear also made them to turn to radical actions. Especially United States increased the US armed forces in Berlin. So the combination of the wish to have more power and a fear to lose a power can be viewed as the causes of conflict. From the realism theory perspective there were also elements of aggression through Cold War, especially during Berlin Crisis. The aggression can be found in both United State’s and Soviet Union’s actions. However, the main reasons why this conflict occurred were described by Waltz. He represented the conflict by three categories. For him the three categories combined can made war to occur, but in general the first and the second categories can explain the Berlin Crisis. The third one, even cannot distinguish which is good state and which one is bad: in the case of Berlin Crisis we cannot say United States was good and Soviet union was bad or vice versa. Anyway, Waltz argued that good men behave badly in bad social organizations, and bad men can be stopped from behaving badly if they are in good social organizations. States go to war, then, because they are in a bad social organization (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). The only thing Waltz had miscalculation about was the multipolar system, because he saw the stabile world within the framework of bipolar system, but in reality, during Berlin Crisis bipolar world was very dangerous. We can conclude that realism theory managed to explain the Berlin Crisis from many points of view. There were some issues during Berlin Crisis, which realism theory could not cover, but the main aspects of it can be easily described from the realism theory perspective. To summarize the thoughts of major thinkers of realism and neorealism theory, which characteristically explained the Berlin Crisis, we can say that for Waltz the state’s interest provides the spring of action and the necessities of policy arise from the unregulated competition of states and calculation based on these necessities can discover the policies that will best serve a state’s interests. For Morgenthau, politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature and the main mark that helps political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power. Thus, power and interest are variable in content (J. Donnelly, 2004).