The Western Subjectivity Thought :: Philosophy Papers

The Western baseivity ThoughtSince modern times subjectivity thought has been one of the fundamental contents and the significant achievements of western philosophy. It is faced with numerous difficulties in its development process and has been declared to have died, but I think that it indeed still has bright prospects of development.1. Historical Development of Western Subjectivity ThoughtThe word subject comes from the Latin word subjectum , which means something in front, or something constituting the foundations of other things. In Greek philosophy, at least in Aristotles philosophy, subject is not a philosophical category which belongs specially to human being or a person, but something which is opposite to attribute or contingency, and is opposite to maintain of a sentence. Such a subject is to a fault a affectionateness in Aristotles philosophy. For Aristotle, Socrates is a subject, a dog or a stone also is a subject. Up to Descartes age, the conception of subject as a philosophy category belonging to human being does not project over the worldwide conception of substance.In Descartes philosophy, what is called subject means ego, soul or mind. Ego, soul or mind, like a material body, is a kind of substance, but is assorted from the latter in essence. The essence of material substance is extension, whereas the essence of ego, soul or mind is thinking. Ego is not simply different from the material substance in essence, but also does not come from the latter. What does he call I think, therefore I am does mean that. It set downly puts forward the subjectivity question of human being.However because Descartes puts forward his theory of the subjectivity of human being within the framework of his mind-body dualism, his conception of the subjectivity of human being as such can not possibly contain any further and deeper intention. They are Leibniz, Kant and Husserl and so on who endow it some further and deeper intention.The monadology of Leibniz no t only calls monad as soul or entelechy, and considers the perceptive activity as the essential content of a monad, but also clearly declares that a manod is a center of metaphysical force, it has no any windows but intrinsically possesses a kind of appetition force which promotes the transition of a monad from the state of less clear perception to the state of clearer perception , and it is a mirror of the whole universe. All of these enable the ego (the subject) in Descartes philosophy to get a kind of sassy active quality.

Philosophy of Education :: essays research papers

My Philosophy of EducationI believe that every child has the ability to learn, but it takes a good teacher to be able to bring this ability out. This is a role I would like to take. I believe the purposes of education are necessary for the child to live a successful spirit. In my opinion, the schools closes should begin with providing students the necessary knowledge and experiences to help contribute to our society. And it will be a very important goal for me to help my students succeed any where they go.Being a teacher is something that Ive thought about since the first grade. The desire to be a teacher is a incompatible story. It is almost a powerful feeling knowing that I fire change the lives of so many students. A child will learn as it grows up, that is a given. But will it learn properly is another story. I have not yet determined how I have learned because I am not yet grown up, but I believe there is a lot for me to learn, but I do know that I have a strong will to be an educator, and be remembered as some one who had an influence in a childs life.Everything taught in school will someday benefit the child whether he holds a job in that field, or has to figure out a real life problem that eject be solved by using what he learned in school. I believe that children learn best when they are taught nether certain conditions and in certain ways. Some of these are having children experiment with examples of the topic being taught. Many children learn by doing, so the child has a fall in understanding of what is being taught. Another way that children may learn best is working in a small group with other children. The task can be done faster and more thought out, and there is less stress on the child. By working in a small group, the children can come up with different ideas and strategies on how to solve a problem. This benefits the child because he learns to help others, as well as having others help him. Numerous outside activities should be provid ed so that the students can get involved with their school in many different ways. Somehow, the school needs to become a place that kids look forward to coming to every day, not a place they dread and dont want to be at.

The Disgusted Teacher :: Teachers Teaching Education Writing Essays

The Disgusted Teacher In her paper, a student must not only support her belief in the death penalty, but in like manner present counter-arguments to the readings. In response to an essay which claims that the death penalty is used in a racially biased way, the student writes, Mostly blacks are prone the death penalty because blacks are more violent and commit more crimes than other races. A students assignment asks whether or not the U.N. should put a go against to infibulation in the Third World. The assignment is couched in and refers back to readings about multiculturalism and respect for other systems of belief. The student bypasses these questions and, as his main argument, suggests that infibulation should not be stopped because women who energize had the operation, unlike American women, do not cheat on their husbands. A student comes into the University Writing Center, seeking help with a first year man assignment on homosexual marriage. Her ideas are unfocu sed and she has no support for her view that gays should not be allowed to marry. After a half-hour, the student finally reveals that she is having headache because, like Queen Victoria, she doesnt believe homosexuals actually exist. The frustrated (and gay) tutor bursts out with, Well, youve been talking to one for the last half hour It can happen at any moment, to any instructor, that sudden, unreal feeling when a student voices a view that seems simply wrong. Not unsupported, or badly thought out, but simply, apparently and completely wrong. Women are biologically programmed to be neater than men. Vegetarians are cold all the time and die early because they dont eat enough protein. Children placed in mean solar day care grow up to be psychopathic killers. These kinds of views can surface anytime, but they seem to come up more often and to be more of a problem in first-year writing classes. They come up more often, it seems, because first-year writing classes are small, dis cussion-driven and tend to focus on mental synthesis arguments by examining such controversial topics as abortion and the death penalty. First-year writing classes also focus on the students ability to present and defend an opinion, earlier than master a set of facts or theories. They are more problematic in these classes than elsewhere because the opinions form the basis of written work.

The Downfall of Macbeth :: essays research papers

Macbeths love for LadyMacbeth, in William Shakespeares tragedy Macbeth,caused Macbeth to feel the need to prove his manhood,which ultimately lead to his downfall. Macbeth was notsecure in his manhood, so he felt the need to prove himselfto Lady Macbeth. After he proved he was a man by sidesplittingDuncan, and he felt he had a lot of power to do whatever hewanted. Macbeth became desensitized between all the killingand the hype of being the King. In the beginning of the playMacbeth showed his love for Lady Macbeth in manydifferent ways. He told her his feelings toward her "Mydearest love" (act I, scene v, l 58). Macbeth listens to whatLady Macbeth has to say, and takes her advice intoconsideration every time he makes a decision. He also hasgreat love for her and tries his best to make her happy no look what it takes. Then Lady Macbeth convincedMacbeth that he wasnt a man unless he went through withthe murder of Duncan. She threatens his manhood by saying"When you durst d o it, then you were a man/ And to bemore than what you were, you would/ Be so much more theman" (act I, scene vii, l 49-51). This made Macbeth begin tothink, and slowly exactly sure Lady Macbeth had manipulatedhis mind to think the right thing to do was kill Duncan.Macbeth had decided in order to prove his manhood hemust go through with this horrible act. Barta 2 AfterMacbeth had committed the crime he felt that his soul couldnever be cleansed no matter what he did. He said "Theypluck out mine own eyes/Will all great Neptunes oceanwash this blood/Clean from my hand? No this my hand willrather/The Multitudinous seas incarnadine, /Making thegreen one red" (act II, scene iii, l 58-62). This shows that hereally didnt want to kill Duncan, but he did it in order toprove himself to Lady Macbeth, and to become the king. Bythe end he had no fear, and had killed not only Duncan butalso many other people. He now had different views fromwhich he had in the beginning of the play. M acbeth realizesthat he is no longer afraid "no, nor more fearful. (Act V,scene vii, l 9). He is now considered a man, but he doesntlike the fact that he has killed all these people.

Promising Medical Applications for Embryonic Stem Cells Essay -- Explo

Promising Medical Applications for Embryonic foot CellsSpecial cells that are taken from human embryos, called embryonic substructure cells (ES cells), actually possess the power to save your life. The importance of embryonic stem cells rests in their lack of specialization. These basic cells are present in the earliest stages of develop embryos and are able to develop into virtually any type of cell and tissue in the body. Being self-renewing, they offer a potentially limitless origin of cells and tissue. The versatility of these unique cells is what makes them so valuable and vital to human existence. These cells can serve many medical purposes and have the ability to benefit people in infinite ways.a. Joint replacement?There is great potential for stem cell use in joint repair and replacement as several new-fashioned studies have shown. For instance, a team of researchers at the University of Calgary used embryonic stem cells to create osteoblasts, or bone producing cells. The osteoblasts were generated in culture at a special scale. The team cites the limited availability of embryonic stem cells as a major limiting factor to future studies.Most scientists are avoiding the ethical issues environ embryonic stem cell research by studying the potential uses of adult stem cells. In January of 2004, Dr. Michael Longaker of the Stanford University Medical Center and a team of doctors print their findings on bone replacement using adult stem cells in mice. They used adult stem cells derived from subcutaneous fat to create bone on premolded scaffolds. These bone structures were used to repair congenital craniofacial deformations in mouse subjects. An extension of this procedure to humans could result in monumental advanc... ....Researchers Aim To Create invigoration Glue For Replacement Joints. Stem Cell Research Foundation. September 2004. Stem Cells Regenerate Injured Heart Muscle. Stem Cell Research Foundation. August 2004. .Stem cells therapy may gro w tissue. BBC News. 11 February, 2002. .Stem Cell Research Targets Cerebral Palsy. Stem Cell Research Foundation. August 2004. .Warren, Stephen M. MD Nacamuli, Randall K. MD Song, HanJoon M. MD Longaker, Michael T. MD, FACS. Tissue-Engineered Bone Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells and a Biodegradable Scaffold. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. January 2004 Vol. 15 1.

Promising Medical Applications for Embryonic Stem Cells Essay -- Explo

Promising Medical Applications for Embryonic Stem cellphonesSpecial cells that are taken from human embryos, called immature stem cells (ES cells), actually possess the power to action your life. The importance of embryonic stem cells rests in their lack of specialization. These basic cells are present in the earliest stages of developing embryos and are able to develop into most any type of cell and tissue in the body. Being self-renewing, they offer a potentially limitless source of cells and tissue. The versatility of these unique cells is what makes them so valuable and alert to human existence. These cells can serve many medical purposes and have the ability to benefit people in infinite ways.a. Joint replacement?There is huge potential for stem cell use in joint repair and replacement as several recent studies have shown. For instance, a team of searchers at the University of Calgary used embryonic stem cells to create osteoblasts, or bone producing cells. The osteoblas ts were generated in culture at a limited scale. The team cites the limited availability of embryonic stem cells as a major limiting factor to future studies.Most scientists are avoiding the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cell research by studying the potential uses of adult stem cells. In January of 2004, Dr. Michael Longaker of the Stanford University Medical Center and a team of doctors published their findings on bone replacement exploitation adult stem cells in mice. They used adult stem cells derived from subcutaneous fat to create bone on premolded scaffolds. These bone structures were used to repair subjective craniofacial deformations in mouse subjects. An extension of this procedure to humans could result in monumental advanc... ....Researchers Aim To Create Living Glue For Replacement Joints. Stem Cell Research Foundation. September 2004. Stem Cells Regenerate Injured Heart Muscle. Stem Cell Research Foundation. August 2004. .Stem cells therapy may grow tiss ue. BBC News. 11 February, 2002. .Stem Cell Research Targets Cerebral Palsy. Stem Cell Research Foundation. August 2004. .Warren, Stephen M. MD Nacamuli, Randall K. MD Song, HanJoon M. MD Longaker, Michael T. MD, FACS. Tissue-Engineered Bone Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells and a Biodegradable Scaffold. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. January 2004 Vol. 15 1.

Traffic Jam In Jakarta

Jakartas work has always been a big problem for the political sympathies. Every morning Jakarta has been always and always enjoyed with the diagnose stuck. Well, indeed, what can we do, as the center of the capital which will never slept through the night to come pick. Traffic jams are everywhere in Jakarta. It is hard for concourse in Jakarta and in its suburbs like Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, and Bogor to move around. It takes too long than it should be to get to one place from another. The most significant causes of the problem grade on some factors. One of the causes is the number of vehicles in Jakarta.There are too many buses, cars, motorcycles, and any other kinds of public transportation in the passages. no agelong wonder, when rain flooded and jammed into one hell feels like a home for all the work. Not just one or two hours, nonpublic car users can be up to 3 hours not moving. If we talk to dealing with this beautiful country, government is not honored will be no end. A little opinion on our system of government from the beginning until directly. I think the bottleneck can be overcome by the simplification of clubby vehicles. Yes indeed, almost every head of the family has a personal vehicle. But all of this can we sink the government a lot of money, funds apportionment and so on.Make public transport comfortable, safe, plentiful, easy to reach, etc. With this people will switch to not use private vehicles. Why use a private vehicle anyway no public transport is safe, comfortable. Once peoples minds when they developed public facilities. It would certainly reduce the number of vehicles. Reduce defilement as well right? how do you cope with traffic, public transportation in Indonesia at once just become a tool for criminals to rape, robbery, sexual make fun and many more. No wonder if the interest in public transport is less than private vehicles.If indeed in that respect are many cases like this, get rid of the serious legal, proper and in accordance with the actors do. If public transport is made more secure, convenient, effective, would jam a little loose. At least the volume of vehicles is rock-bottom because they prefer public transportation. Its just not regularly public transport, indiscriminate parking, driving like crazy, especially away from the comfortable security. So, my opinion passive haunts Jakarta traffic jam to us before public transport facilities could be improved and the system works. Provide safe and convenientfacilities, cheap footing reach and act decisively on the laws, give severe punishment, retri exclusivelyion to the perpetrators of crime on public transport.With this, it might be a little to reduce traffic jam in Jakarta. Actually the government of DKI Jakarta has also think about the traffic jam problem and they come out with PRODASIH (clean fashion program). One of the example is three in one which means there should be three people or more in one car, but in the reality lots of t he car owner use jockey to avoid the regulation. So it comes back to the people of Jakarta consciousness to make the traffic in Jakarta more enjoyable. If they can not do this then may be in the next year there will be all traffic jam in the street of Jakarta that make the people harder to go through even to go out of their home.I realize that now the traffic jam seems to be more crowded and long. Even in the place where usually never been any traffic jam now there is a jam and it is quite long and heavy. Maybe the government can be stricter about the regulation that they have already made. And I suggest to the government if the want to build street infrastructure such as the busway for Trans Jakarta they should make a better planning in it. Because what I see now is that they make it all in one time which make all the street suffering worse in traffic jam because all the street are under construction.Cant you make it just one by one Mr.Goverment? because if you make it one by one i t will be easier for others to suffer alternative way in order to avoid the street construction. To conclude, the city government must do the research in order to find the resultant for these problems and build more facilities like highways and streets. Creating and implementing strict regulation for the traffic systems can also solve the problem.

Benefits and Influence of Music

Nowadays, harmony is very popular for teen and all ages. Some people like to listen Classic music and otherwise like R&B or hip hop. It depend on their interesting. Even many people like music, but it still has advantages and disadvantages also. First of all, I would like to talk close the advantages of music. There are many advantages, but Ill tell you more details about that. First point, the music can nonplus us feel relieve. Sometimes, when you get in the moody. You can take out your mp3 and listen to it, you willing be feel relieve.The music such as hip hop or R&B can help you to get in the good mood again. Second point, music can make us feel more comfortable. When you listen the romantic music, you such a kind of dreaming or you feel that you can fly and get the romantic feeling. So your feeling more comfortable and being happy all the time. Third point, music can reduce your stresses all the time. When you stress, you perceive music or do other activity in order to red uce your stresses step by step. You can listening hip hop music, its help you smile.This is the last point of listening music, music can bring us in to one society by the meaning of the song. For example, you are listening to the Americanas song ( Dead and Gone), you can key out about the society in America. What happened in that or somethings beside this. Also you can improve your listening skill by listen the English song too. still music has many advantages, but its also has disadvantages too. Listening music waste a lot money. When the singer show up or release rising album, you eer spend your money to buy it forevery time they release.If they release 100 different new album, Would you buy all this album? Thats why I can say music waste a lot of money. On the other hands, music waste our time too. When you are addicted in to music. You always sit and listening to it without doing anything. You just sit and listen. You dont go out and do your work. Besides that, If you liste n too much time and put your headset every time. You will have problem with your ear. You will spend much money or time to treat it.Totally, every things always have advantages and disadvantages. But if you get the training about this already. You should reduce your listening habit step by step. Benefits and influence of music Music gives different meaning to everyone. Music is a combination of stratagem form from different elements of melody, harmony, rhythm and genre. Music acts as an influence, past time, hobby and passion. From classical to jazz, pop, rock, R&B, hip hop or even devotional songs, music affect different people in many different way.That is why we can see nowadays some people who are enthusiastic about music even attribute themselves and their talents into music professions. Music stires our soul and allows us to express different moods and emotions. Therefore, music has many roles that affect everyones life. Listening to veritable songs usually triggers to cer tain emotions linked to that song. As for me, I would listen to various sorts of songs to cheer my mood up. And seriously, life without music would be very dull.Have you ever heard of the saying, hooked on the feeling? . Well, it really happens. For example, during festive seasons like Christmas, many people will put on Christmas songs because this will help them to arrest on the state of euphoria all month long and bring back their childhood memories of Christmas. Therefore, music also plays a very crucial ole in overall development of an individual. It can take the mind and body to do spontaneous things either good or bad, depends on the type of music a person is listening to and it message contains.For instance, when someone is listening to sad songs related to their love or life, the listener will be highly in touch with that song connected with their emotions. Likewise, when another person is listening to a heavy metal songs, they might inhibited violated act or aggressive fas hion as rock songs bring about rebellion and agitation influence. However, for some people, listening to this type of songs is their way of expressing anger and relieve from pain. Well, its actually depends on that person himself on how they interact and influence by the music.

Gothic stories Essay

knightly is a word used in the twelfth century to denote certain types of architecture connected to the settings used by generators. knightly fiction initiated as a genre in 1765 with Horace Walpoles novel Castle of Otranto. The majority of Gothic writers would take drugs which inspired them to put pen to radical and write about numerous Gothic features and produce their story. Normally characters are associated with odd or ritualistic behaviour often involving the supernatural. The Gothic Golden jump on occurred between 1765 and 1844. Boundaries and limits are both established and challenged by both writers and characters. Tensions between the scientific and the supernatural are often made apparent. Examples of these Gothic features can be found in The Signalman, The Hand and The Dream Woman.Traditionally Gothic stories are set in castles, churches, darkness or other locations with a sensation of evil. Gothic stories are mainly set at night to add an extra illusion of fear. Sh ould a Gothic story be read in a dark room extra fear, tension, anxiety and anticipation would be inflicted upon the indorser. This is because when a gothic tale is read in the dark there is a sense of someone or something watching you.Readers expectations when reading a Gothic tale are to read about elements of the supernatural, skeletal or ghostly fleshs and pathetic fallacy. In The Signalman hellion writes he was a dark sallow man, with a dark beard and rather heavy eyebrows.This quotation consists of an example of a ghostly, corpse standardised image. Dickens is Describing a ghostly figure.The Signalman written by Charles Dickens is a perfect example of a gothic setting. The story has many examples of unusual events.Dickens writes so steeped in the glow of an angry sunset.This quotation informs the reader that the sunset has a violent glow which is unusual for a sunset, the skyline is a hidden blood red.The Signalman is set at the Signalmans hut where the cutting through th e tunnel by the hut is unusually deep and pass arounds a sense of prevision to the reader. The tunnel is made through clammy stone, which became oozier and wetter as you walked to the tunnel and made anybody petrified to enter it.The Hand written by Guy De Maupassant uses great examples of death, a main gothic feature.De Maupassant writes I bent down close to the corpse and between his clenched teeth I found one of the fingers from that vanished hand.This quotation informs the reader that a finger from the missing hand has been found, but in what mysterious circumstances. Also in The Hand the hand itself is described with much detail.The writer states The fingers were abnormally long and were attached by enormous tendons to which fragments of skin adhered.In this quotation the writer is describing the hand in such ghoulish detail the reader has an image of a gruesome hand projected onto their minds which they will find hard to forget.A feature of gothic tradition is the use of dar k colours to emphasise the evilness of gothic characters and buildings.In the novel The Dream Woman the writer says The flame diminished to a blue point and the room grew darkThe event of this quotation on the reader is that it adds extra fear and suspense due to the darkness.A main aspect of gothic tradition is elements of the supernatural. In The Hand the writer states I thought I saw the hand running like a spider. This is an example of elements of the supernatural because a hand running like a spider is beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature and not something any human would have seen.In conclusion gothic tradition is a fascinating subject because the use of dark descriptive language is strong in giving the reader a terrifying experience. Short stories are effective because the action is condensed and it all happens in a short space of time. There is less background information all the descriptive paragraphs are there to give atmosphere, the spooky dark events. Short sentences have greater impact than longer ones, particularlywhen exclamation marks complete them.

Addiction to Science Fiction

What do you think closely p arents opinion about acquaintance fiction take holds My dear reader I will be delighted to discuss this topic with you do you think that parents would accept placing their childrens minds in an imaginary world for too long that it may even affect them, would you, if you were a parentScience fiction is a world that is full of the writers imagination or the producers, and its full of imaginary creatures, such as vampires, fairies, hosts, ghosts, and all the things that are not real, its ad cutting edgetage is, expanding the imagination of the reader, when I read the science fiction al-Quran that I beget, I try to live whats in the book, and for a moment I do, and if I got interrupted by some atomic number 53, I just feel bothered and annoyed, notwithstanding parents would say that its some kind of an addiction, which some of them think its wrong, or really most of them, they go comparable we necessitate you to learn from the books that you can read , and we k forthwith that you are capable of reading greater books, they unde moderationimate it, thats what I in reality dont agree about with parents,Because, easily, I am addicted to science fiction, and it actually makes me learn some things and at the same time, I have sportswoman because I lived whats in the book by alone reading it, better than a movie, that may ruin the compassionates view of things, books teach (whatever the genre of the book was), movies destroy (not always but most of the time, especially this generations movies). So I need parents to listen for their kids for erst, dear parents dont just talk, sometimes I guess you have to listen at least for at once let us translate you our point of view. Parents, tell me, do you rather give your children books that would make them hate the whole idea about reading or would you go step by step with me. Just by bragging(a) them the independence to choose the book, survive that you actually achieved your goal.S cience fiction books teach, as a prove, my friend, when you ask her whats the goal she achieved by reading the twilight saga, she would say I just had fun, and read, because I screw that reading is important but when you ask her about what she learned, she would say, I learned to give my enemy a chance, because I know that there is no such a thing called enemies, but its desires that ruins the humans soul And there is this other series VA ( vampire academy) an amazing series that me and my friend read, we had so much fun reading it, and at the same time I d like to tell you that I am actually clinging to it, more than any other book that I ever read. Its hardly irresistible, and teaches to keep on standing up whe neer you fall. I guess there is no harm in reading science fiction book, so dont make it a must that we have to read realistic books, or some kind of a diachronic book, because it isnt a must.My dear reader, that was my opinion, so tell me yours, but after considering my turn up, I hope I reached my goal by write this essay d avouchfall (summary) Isabella Swan leaves Phoenix, Arizona and moves to a sore place in Forks, Washington to live with her dad. She does it so her start can travel roughly with her baseball shammer husband Phil Dwyer. Bella didnt used to stir much water in Phoenix, but after her move to Forks, she in brief finds herself in the spotlight at her sweet school. To her astonishment and dismay many of the guys in class compete for her attention. Fork is rainy and Bella doesnt enjoy it much to her its boring and pretty lame. on that point is one saving grace though Edward Cullen, the stunningly handsome guy she sits next to in Biology.As shes nerve-racking to find out more about this mysterious man, she hears of The Cullens being un-human. Despite all the talk, Bella finds it impossible to believe theres anything supernatural about him and his strange behavior. During Bellas first day of school, Edward Cullen displays a strange level of tension toward her. She reasons that its because he doesnt like her that much. Shortly after though, he begins to change his attitude and parachutes friendly talk. Then one day on a parking bundle, an out of control van comes flying at Bella and is about to crush her to death when all of a choppy the van is stopped by an unknown force just ahead it would have squashed her against her own truck.Completely unharmed realizing she should have been dead, Bella turns her head and sees Edward, whom she saw crosswise the parking lot just a second ago, kneeling next to her with his hand against the van. Bella looks at the hand shaped dent on the van and realizes that Edward halted fastness van with his hand. Bella didnt tell anyone about how Edward saved her life, but when she approached him to pardon how he could get to her across the lot so readily and stops the van with his hand, he isnt too keen to confess and refuses to comment. The spark surrounded by the two affects to grow despite Edwardss attempts to avoid her. When confronted about it by her, Edward plainly comes with excuses Bella is not willing to accept.However he mentions that its in their best interest to stay away of each other, as getting involved with her would put her in immense risk. Bella has no more doubts that Edward and the entire family of Cullens are un-human. She is hinted by her friend Jacob Black that The Cullens are a clan of vampires. When attraction between the two grows to a point that neither can be without each other, Edward reveals the truth about his family. He even tells her about his ability to read peoples minds and that hes dumbfounded by his inability to ascertain what she is thinking. Edward and Bella fall plentifully in jazz, despite the obvious difficulties a love between a human and a vampire presents. Edward is facing his biggest personal challenge in resisting Bellas odorize.The twine of her blood is extremely strong and desirable, and Ed ward is afraid that the natural instincts of a vampire he is would take oer to a point that he wouldnt be able to contain himself and would harm the woman he loves. Bellas scent is because picked up by a tracker vampire James who sets on a mission to hunt Bella down for sport. The Cullens, who now consider Bella part of her family are determined to protect her and burst Bella from Edward, sending the girl back to Phoenix. Bella stays in a hotel and receives a phone call from James telling her he had her mom and gave her instructions on what she needs to do if she wants to see her alive.Bella surrenders herself to James, but Edward shows up and fights him. The rest of Cullens joins in to fight the tracker but he manages to bite Bella in her hand before hes killed. Edward doesnt want Bella to turn into a vampire and begins to suck venom infected blood from the wound. He now tastes the blood, the smell of which he found so hard to resist. He was urged to stop by his adopted father Ca rlisle Cullen. Bella was saved and after shed recovered, she reoff to Forks to attend amble with Edward. As the two walk into the night, Bella ex rags herself and pleads with him to embrace her and turn her into one of his kind with a bite to her neck.Edward refuses, although the reason for this denial is unknown New moon Edward Cullen and Alice make Bella an 18th birthday party. Edward is the vampire shes deeply in love with. In attendance are the entire Cullen family, Alice, Carlisle, Emmet, Rosalie, Esme and Jasper. Bella accidentally cuts her hand with a gather of paper, this leads to a tense and somewhat violent moment. Jasper cannot control himself at the sight of her human blood and pounces upon her with the intention to feed. Edward has to protect her, an action that forces him to recognize the fact charge Bella near his family puts her in danger. As they clean her wounds a pivotal point in the plot occurs.As they speak, Carlisle tells of Edwards belief that Vampires lac k a soul and that there is no better place than hell for them if they are killed. He speaks further, telling Bella of Edwards inner struggle, the fact that he doesnt want to risk turning Bella into one of the damned. Edward becomes emotionally retracted as the yarn continues, until later his family leave Forks in an effort to reduce the risk of harm to Bella and ensure her safety. He unwittingly upsets Bella by victorious the items she hold dear with him. Photographs and pictures that can be used to prove he is alive. Four long months pass, a time in which Bella enters a zombie like state.She exists but really isnt living like she once was. Charlie is worried and tells her to wake up. To help her get through this difficult time she goes to see a movie with her friend Jessica. Upon the completion of the film she notices some guys with a striking resemblance to the stalkers who followed her the year before. She hears Edward in her head fears for her sanity. She actually believes its her mind giving a beseech of fulfillment. Feeling these delusions are her subconscious mind she seeks out alternative methods to trigger them. Jacob Black, her long lost friend who suffered grievous injures in descent makes another(prenominal) appearance in New Moon.Bella stumbles upon a pair of bicycles by the road side and realizes theyre the perfect method to hear Edwards voice once again. She notices they need works and remembers Jacob unusual tendency to fix things. She takes them to see him on the back of her truck and pledge one to him should he get them running once more. Soon they become close and she begins to depend on him, he fills the void in her heart. Jacob on the other hand is romantically attracted to Bella, who is aware of this, she tells him they are simply good friends. As their friendship develops, Jacob begins to trust Bella and tells of the growing unrest and occurrences at La Push a reservation.Jacob tells her of his fear of the attractor of a group of guys by the name of Sam Uley. A close friend of his had the same feelings he was missing for a few days and upon his return had somehow joined the gang. Jacob elaborated by telling of their strange behavior and his belief theyre up to no good. He worries he too could go missing and be targeted. On an outing, Jacob feels ill and develops a strong fever. Shortly after Bella has difficulty getting in touch with him before she finds out he too has returned from his absence as a member of Sams gang. She goes to visit him at his house and is told that he must stay well away from her. He doesnt explain the reason for this when she asks.After the fight and argument Jacob is feeling down and very regretful. He creeps into her room in the middle of the night and tells her what is happening. The only hint he gives her is to remember the legends he informed her of when first they met. Bella thinks back and remembers a story about Werewolves and Vampires. She soon realizes that Jacob and his ne w gang of friends are werewolves. This doesnt sit well with Bella there is animosity between Edward and Jacob because deep down they both love Bella. Plus they are enemies because of the natures of the kind. There is real cause for concern because of the rivalry between these two and the fact vampires and werewolves truly hate one another.The return of Victoria further complicates the situation. She wants vengeance for the death of her friend James the vampire tracker. He was off by Jasper and Emmet following his attempt to kill Bella. As opposed to killing Edward, she feels killing his girlfriend is a fair trade. Therefore, it is down to Jacob to protect her. Jacob and his new found pack encourage Bella and her father to spend time with them at La Push where they can provide adequate protection. Bella begins to spend a lot of time on the beach. She longs to hear Edwards voice again and misses him dearly. Sick of every(prenominal)thing she leaps off the cliff and plunges into the see where she almost dies in the hands of the ocean.Jacob comes to her rescue and tells of her friend chevvy Clearwaters plight. He is in hospital following a severe cardiac arrest. Bella immediately feels remorse for diving into the sea and returns to Jacobss house to rest and regain her strength. She begins to wonder what her life would bring if she left Edward and became romantically involved with Jacob. Billy, Jacobss dad, returns home to go the news that Harry has passed away in his sleep. Bella then gets a ride home with Jacob. On the journey she notices Carlisles vehicle and jumps to the conclusion that the Cullens have returned to Forks. Jacob rages and leaves quickly. Alice is waiting for Bella by herself.Alice tells Bella that she witnessed her fall into the sea and worries that she was committing suicide. Bella denies this but Alice is still unsure and wonders why then she felt the need to dive so far into the water. Jacob bumps into Bella during Alices visit and she se es he is still angry with her for choosing Edward over himself. During Jacobs time at the house Edward rings and masquerades as Carlisle. Jacob picks up the phone. Hes asked where Carlisle is by Edward and responds by telling him hes at the funeral. Edward believes its the funeral of Bella in light of the news Alice told him. He attempts suicide. Upon news of this surfacing Bella and Alice leave for Italy to find Edward who is begging a Volturi to kill him.The Volturi deny his wishes so he attempts to anger them by stepping into the sun and revealing the existence of Vampires to all. Bella arrives just in time and prevents Edward from following through with his threats. Shocked and confused that she is still alive and hasnt been interred Edward shows affection toward his love. He believes these are the last few minutes the couple will ever spend together. Bella is confused she believed Edward had no feelings toward her. The pair meets a Volturi leader by the name of Aro he informs them that Bella must become a Vampire to preserve the secretive nature of the vampire kind. Edward vehemently disagrees but is shown conclusive substantiation that Bella will indeed become one of the vampire kind in the future.At first Bella is surprised and in virtual disbelief that her long lost love Edward has returned. She wonders if she actually died while leaping from the cliff and whether or not this entire episode is in fact a dream. Edward soothes her concerns and explains that he loves her and that he didnt wish to leave her at all. He tells her it was for her own benefit and an act to protect her. After a long discussion she realizes that his love for her burns as strongly as hers for him, and that they belong with one another for all eternity. Edward is still unsure about turning Bella into a vampire. She sees this and takes the decision out of his control.They visit the Cullen house and start a vote over her mortality, requesting the opinion of all involved and wheth er they believe she should join the Vampire kind. The results are definitive, all but Edward and Rosalie feel she should become a vampire. Edward is angered but reluctantly agrees she should be turned following her graduation the following week. Carlisle is the one who they decide should perform the embrace considering the fact hes able to maintain control in the presence of human blood. Bella isnt happy, she would of preferred the act to be carried out by Edward but settles with whatever the Cullens feel is best. Edward agrees but only on the configuration they marry first.During the epilogue of the story Bella reminisces and recalls her zombie like existence. She claims it was as if the previous seven months didnt occur. Jacob returns the motorbike to Bella in an attempt to stop Edward from seeing her, unaware that he visits her every night by creeping into her room. Charlie is incredibly angry with Bella and grounds her immediately. She isnt unsettle though, she knows with the love her life Edward by her side there is nothing she cannot achieve and that when the dust of turmoil settles everything will be perfect Eclipse This part of the story starts with the note Jake sent to Bella. It speaks of him missing her and that it changes little.Charlie blames Edward for Bellas disappearance in New Moon as she traveled to Italy and her apparent craziness. He no longer likes Edward and shows with every ounce of his being that the vampire is welcome in the home. Seattle is also hit by a string of unsolved killings. Bella and Edward spend some time selection in college application forms and she tells Edward her plans and need to see Jacob once again. Naturally, Edward is against it, telling her werewolves are random and unpredictable, hurting those around them. In the meantime, Alice has a strange vision in which Bella is being hunted by a vampire. Edward hides this information from Bella and plans a trip to Florida with Charlie to see her mother out of town.Upon t heir return Edward is confronted by an angry Jacob, he demands to know why the return of Victoria is being kept secret to Bella and why they crossed into werewolf territory chasing Victoria. Bella is dumbfounded as Edward informs her that the trip away from Forks was for her own personal safety. Once again, Edward insists Bellas banning from seeing Jacob is to keep her safe and away from the dangerous werewolf. Bella, unbelieving insists that the pack are quite safe and that shes never in harms way around Jacob. Finally, Edward yields and travels to the border with Bella where they meet Jacob and travel on to his house. During one such visit Jacob pleads his love for her and forcefully kisses her against her will. uneffective to resist his power she fights him off with all the strength she can muster.When he ceases the kiss she punches him as hard as she is able but only manages to break the bones in her delicate hands. Werewolves incidentally, are nearly as durable and tough as va mpires. When Bella returns home and he learns of this Edward threatens Jacob angrily. Jacob tells Edward what occurred and they finally settle on a deal to work in unison to deal with Victoria. by and by on that evening when Jacob has left, Edward and Bella decide to marry but only on the one condition that is they sleep together before she is turned into a Vampire. Edward realizes the severity in Bellas voice and eventually agrees to try in the future but only once they have married first.Bella speaks of her concerns of what people will say and think if she marries at such a young age, this is partly confounded by her mothers life and the fact she too married at such a young age. Spending the rest of eternity with Edward is of the utmost importance to her though, and when Edward proposes she quickly accepts. In an effort to keep her reluctant marriage secret she refuses to place the engagement ring on her hand. Bella soon realizes that her possessions have been stolen from her roo m to use for scent and locating purposes. Also, it becomes apparent that the recent killings in Seattle are being perpetrated by a coven of young vampires. Bella realizes the connection and the fact Victoria has been leading these newborns.Alice predicts an epic scrap between the combined force of Cullens and Werewolves and the Victoria coven. A meeting between the Quileutes and Cullens is scheduled in the forest. During the gathering Jasper highlights and demonstrates some skills and points needed to excel in attack versus a newborn Vampire. Bella, worried Edward will be harmed asks him to stay away when the combat begins. Bella and Edward camp in the hills as the preparations for battle are made. They are soon joined by Seth and Jacob who too wait for the coming war. They use Bellas scent and lay a trap to lead the newborns into the hands of the conjoin vampire and werewolf force.Bella enters a state of hypothermia in the freezing cold mountain conditions. Jacob taunts Edward b y climbing in the sleeping bag with his girl. Bella pretends to be unconscious and eavesdrops on the conversation between the vampire Edward and werewolf Jacob. Jacob speaks of his feeling towards Bella and confesses to Edward. Upon hearing this, Edward realizes that Jacob can give Bella something he cant and the two come to an agreement. Later in morning once they have risen, Edward speaks to Bella about the engagement, Jacob, who was hiding and listening to their conversation lets out an angered and hurt howl of pain. He leaves quickly before they can catch him. Bella speaks with Edward and asks him to go and find Jacob.Upon their return Edward leaves to allow Jacob and Bella to speak. Jacob threatens to get himself killed by joining in the conflict, upon hearing her dismay and the fact she doesnt want him to Jacob blackmails her into kissing him. He says kissing him will stop him joining the fight and getting killed. Edward returns, having overheard the entire conversation. He e xplains that he isnt angry with her for having such deep feelings for Jacob. This is a fact that makes Bella even more miserable than she was before. Victoria and the newborns attack during the groups stay at the camp. The combined werewolf and vampire force completely root out and slaughter the inexperienced newborn army.Victoria had this planned though she skirts the fight and arrives at the camp to confront Edward and Bella alongside a newborn by the name of Riley. Edward pleads with Riley, trying to put him off the fight and explains the fact Victoria is using him. Victoria convinces Riley otherwise and he refuses to switch allegiance. A fight occurs in which Riley is killed by the lupine form of Seth and Victoria is killed by Edward. Bella watches the entire episode, causing Edward to worry for her thoughts and feelings toward him after seeing him as the unstoppable killing machine he is. She is still and throws herself into his embrace. She loves him dearly and has concern s for his safety and wellbeing alone. The war is over long before the Volturi arrive to tidy things up.Edward is reminded of his agreement to turn Bella into a vampire. Alice replies that they have set a date. Bella goes to visit Jacob who was injured in the fight. She reveals her final decision is Edward. Her love for him is far greater than anyone else alive and she hasnt the will or desire to live another day without him around. Bella later returns home from La Push. She speaks with Edward who announces that they dont have to marry, that Bella can have her way without completing her wishes. Bella states that she wishes to do things Edwardss way, and they agree to continue with the wedding first. He puts the ring on her finger and they both agree to reveal the great news to Charlie. Breaking dawnBreaking Dawn is split into three separate parts. The first part details Bellas marriage and honeymoon with Edward, which they spend on a private island off the coast of Brazil. Two weeks into their honeymoon, Bella realizes that she is pregnant and that her condition is progressing at an moved(p)ly accelerated rate. After contacting Carlisle, who confirms her pregnancy, she and Edward immediately return home to Forks, Washington. Edward concerned for Bellas life and convinced that the fetus is a monster as it continues to develop with unnatural rapidity, urges her to have an abortion. However, Bella feels a connection with the child and refuses.The novels second part is written from the perspective of wolf shape-shifter Jacob Black, and lasts throughout Bellas pregnancy and childbirth. Jacobs Quileute wolf pack, not knowing what danger the unborn child may pose, plan to destroy it, also killing Bella. Jacob vehemently protests this decision and leaves, forming his own pack with Leah and Seth Clearwater. Bella soon gives birth, but the nipper breaks many of her bones and she loses massive amounts of blood. In order to save her life, Edward changes her into a vampir e by injecting his venom into her heart. Jacob, who was present for the birth, almost immediately imprintsan involuntary resolution in which a shape-shifter finds his soul mateon Edward and Bellas newborn daughter, Renesmee.This ends the enmity between Jacob and the Cullens, leading Edward and Jacob to regard each other as brothers. The third arm of Breaking Dawn shifts back to Bellas perspective, finding her changed into a vampire and enjoying her new life and abilities. However, the vampire Irina misidentifies Renesmee as an immortal child, a child who has been turned into a vampire. Because immortal children are uncontrollable, creating them has been outlawed by the Volturi. After Irina presents her allegation to the Volturi, they plan to destroy Renesmee and the Cullens. In an attempt to survive, the Cullens gather other vampire clans from around the world to stand as witnesses and prove to the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child.Upon confronting the gathered Cullen allies and witnesses, the Volturi discover that they have been misinformed and immediately execute Irina for her mistake. However, they remain undecided on whether Renesmee should be viewed as a threat to vampires secret existence. At that time, Alice and Jasper, who had left prior to the confrontation, return with a Mapuche called Nahuel, a 150-year-old vampire-human crossbreed like Renesmee. He demonstrates that the crossbreeds pose no threat, and the Volturi surrender. Edward, Bella and Renesmee return to their home in peace. I HoPe I mAdE My PoInT Start with an interesting beginning, or lead, to get your readers attention.For example if you were writing about recycling newspapers, you could open your essay by asking how many people have huge stacks of old newspapers in their garages. Let your readers know what your issue and point of view by including an opinion statement In each paragraph, give a reason that will convince your audience 1-start or end the body of your essay wi th a bang by arranging your reasons according to their order of importance 2-be sure that you logically support your reasons by using evidence and that you elaborate on your reasons and evidence Restate your opinion in different words, and summarize your reasons in one or two sentences. Close your essay with a call to action that tells your readers what you want them to do or with what strong closing statement.

Hazrat Ali Essay

Amongst the descendants of Hazrat Ibrahim A.S., Hazrat Ali A.S. belonged to the line of Quraish. He was the son of Abu Talib R.A., son of Abdul Muttalib of the distinguished tribe of Bani Hashim. Only hotshot step above his lineage coincided with that of the prophet S.A. of Islam. The latter exis goce Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib and the former Ali bin Abi Talib bin Abdul Muttalib. It was his father Abu Talib who had nourished and brought up the vaticinator (PBUH) His mother Fatima bint-e Asad was also a noble lady belonging to the tribe of Bani Hashim whom the vaticinator (PBUH) regarded as his own mother.Birth Date & PlaceWhen the seer (PBUH) of idol was thirty years old, Ali (A.S) was born on 13th of Rajab in the 30 year of Aamul Feel inside the sacred Kaaba. Family Background Amongst the descendants of Hazrat Ibrahim A.S., Hazrat Ali (A.S) belonged to the line of Quraish. He was the son of Abu Talib, son of Abdul Muttalib of the distinguished tribe of Bani Hashi m. His mother Fatima bint-e Asad was also a noble lady belonging to the tribe of Bani Hashim whom the Prophet (SAW) regarded as his own mother.His elevationThe responsibility for bringing him up devolved directly on Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) who devoted all his metre and attention towards nurturing. It was owing to his inherent merit and capabilities coupled with the privilege of being brought up by the exalted personality of a guardian like the Prophet (SAW) that when the Prophet (PBUH) announced his Prophet hood Hazrat Ali (A.S)., though only ten years old, became his foremost follower and testifier of his claim.MarriageThe first thing that the Prophet (PBUH) did on his arrival in Medina was to solemnize the marriage of his only daughter, Fatima Zahra with Ali A.S. The Prophet (PBUH) deeply loved his daughter and had so much respect for her that whenever she came to him he used to stand up in reverence. It was in the first year of Hijrah when the Prophet (PBUH) chose Ali A.S. for t his honor. The wedding rites were performed with utmost simplicity. (a) He got three sons (Hasan, Husain and Muhsin), and two daughters (Zainab & Umm-i-Kulthum) from her. The youngest son, Muhsin died in childhood. After the death of Hazrat Fatimah he married a number of wives from time to time (b) Umm al-Banin bin Hizam from whom he got Abbas, Jafar, Abdullah and Uthman. All of these except Abbas were martyred at Karbala. (c) Saila bint Masud who gave birth to Ubaidullah and Abu Bakr. They were martyred at Karbala. (d) Asma bint Umais who gave birth to Yahya and Muhammad Asghar. (e) Sahba bint Rabia who gave birth to Umar and Ruqayyah.(f) Amamah bint Abil As She was daughter of Zainab (R.A.), daughter of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi we Salaam). Hadrat Ali got Muhammad Aswat from her. (g) Khaulah bint Jalfar who gave birth to Muhammad ibn(h) Umm-i-Said who gave birth to Ummul Hasan and Ramlah Kubra. (i) Mahyah bint Ummul Qais, she gave birth to a daughter who died in childhoo d. Jihad In first battle of Islam, which is known as the battle of Badar Hazrat Ali had his first envision of fighting a battle? At that time he was He was only twenty-five years old. There were important battles of Uhud, Khandaq, Khaibar and lastly Hunain in which Ali A.S. go with the Prophet (SAW) and exhibited his incomparable valour as a warrior. Almost in all these battles Ali (A.S) held the office of standard-bearer also. In all these battles he exhibited indomitable valor and steadfastness. In these engagements, as in others, he showed utmost firmness, tolerance and nobility of character.TitleBecause of his bravely Hazrat Ali was popularly called Asadullah(The Lion of Allah). He was also known as Al-Murtaza, Al-Amir-ul-Momineen. As Caliph Hazrat Ali (RA) was elected as Fourth Caliph after, the martyrdom of Hazrat Usman (RA), at a time when the world of Islam was in great turmoil In 35 A.H. the Muslims offered the office of Islamic Caliph to Ali (A.S). At first he refused, but when the insistence on part of the Muslims increased, he accepted it on the educate that he would rule strictly in accordance with the precepts laid down in the Quran and the Sunnah (practice) of the Prophet (SAW) without favor and partiality towards anybody.He was the superior Mujtahid and jurist of his time and one of the greatest of all times. Justice was part of his soul and spirit and was attached to his heart. His administration steered clear of partisanship, favoritism or nepotism. * He was particularly severe on his G everyplacenors and kept a regular watch on their actions. * He reprimanded his own friends, governors and employees even if they accepted bread as bribe. * To him riches was for the use of other needy persons and not for himself and his family. * He never hid his earnings because the purpose of his earning was to help the needy and the oppressed and to save them from the exploitation of the tyrants and to make their lives happier.His workBesides partici pating in Jihad he was never averse to do anything for the sake of the Prophet S.A. and Islam. The tasks that he had to perform were of diverse nature. He was trustworthy for writing down treaties and letters. He was also the custodian of the recorded portions of the Quran. Besides, he was deputed to Yemen by the Prophet (SAW) for the propagation of Islam. As a result of his successful preaching, the perfect Yemen embraced Islam.MartyrdomAlas, this protagonist of peace, equality and Islamic values could not escape the malicious designs of the worldly people. In the morning of 19 of the month of Ramadan 40 A.H. season offering prayers in the mosque he was fatally wounded by a sword dipped in poison. Ali A.S. spent two restless days on his sick bed in extreme pain and distress. Eventually the poison spread all over the body and he breathed his last on 21 of Ramadan at the time of morning Prayer. Hasan A.S. and Husain A.S. performed the funeral rites and that prince of charitableit y was buried at Najaf at the back of the city of Kufa.Distinguishing Publications NAHJAL BLAGHA AL- SAHIFAYE ALAVIYA The two mentioned books consist of sermons, letters, and sayings of Hazrat Ali (A.S). Nahj al-balaghah comprises various issues that enshroud major problems of metaphysics, theology, tafsir, hadith, prophetology, imamate, ethics, social philosophy, politics, administration, civics, science, literature, etc. Most of the discussions about various theological issues and philosophical notions in Islam have their origin in very book. The book not only reflects the spirit of early Islam and the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet (saw) in the proper perspective, but also serves as a guide to traverse the future in the light of these teachings.The importance of the Nahj-ul-Balagha lies in two dimensions. First, it speaks about the fundamental of Islam such as the matters concerning God, the human being, Islamic views of humanity, prophet hood and its position in human hi story a means of understanding Islam and thus necessary for us to study. Secondly, the Nahj-ul-Balagha refers to the social problems of a hypocritical society with which we deal today. Accordingly, this book can be a generator of Inspiration for us as regards to the social and political problems of life and the possible solutions to them. It is a matter of regret that Nahj al-balaghah was not properly apply by the Muslims as a source book of Islamic philosophy, kalam, fiqh, and ethics due to misconceptions about its attribution to Hazrat Ali (A.S) In the presence of strong and sufficient express in support of the contents of the book being authentic, it was sheer prejudice and lack of the spirit of inquiry that was responsible for neglecting such a reliable source of Islamic ideas.Thoughts on Principal Subject Hazrat Alis letter to Malik-e-Ashter throws light on the importance of the principles of administration and justice as dictated by Islam. The pursuit instructions in the f orm of a letter were written to him by Hazrat Ali, when he appointed him as Governor of Egypt.HighlightsIt (the letter) deals with the duties and obligations of rulers, their chief responsibilities, the question of rights and obligations, dispensation of justice, control over secretaries and subordinate staff. In it Hazrat Ali advises Malik* To fight corruption and oppression amongst the officers to control markets, imports and exports to curb evils of profiteering and hoarding and of cornering and black marketing. In it he has also explained stages of various classes of society, the duties of government towards the utmost class, how are they to be looked after and how are their conditions to be improved. * He has also commented upon the rights of rulers over the ruled and of the ruled over the rulers. * There is a main rally idea running all through these instructions, it is that of the Creator. The government is of God, the governors and the governed are both the creatures of Go d, their respective duties are laid down by God. * In short this letter is on the one hand the gospel of the principles of administration as taught by Holy Quran a code to establish a kind and kind rule throwing light on various aspects of justice and mercy. On the other hand it is a thesis on the higher values of morality.

Natural monopoly Essay

I believe that times change and as they, change rules and regulations must adapt to the times. Therefore, the treatment of the different industries must represent the different industries as they grow. I do not think the Telephone and Broadcast should never have or ever be considered a Natural Monopoly. The concept of indwelling monopoly presents a challenging public policy dilemma. On the one hand, a natural monopoly implies that efficiency in production would be demote served if a maven firm supplies the entire market.On the other hand, in the absence of any competition the monopoly holder go forth be tempted to exploit his natural monopoly power in order to maximize its profits. A natural monopoly is defined in economicals as an industry where the fixed speak to of the capital goods is so high that it is not profitable for a second firm to enter and compete. There is a natural reason for this industry being a monopoly, namely that the economies of scale regard one, rather t han several, firms. Small-scale ownership would be less efficient.Natural monopolies are typically utilities such as water, electricity, and natural gas. It would be very costly to soma a second set of water and sewerage pipes in a city. Water and gas delivery returns has a high fixed cost and a low variable cost. Electricity is now being deregulated, so the generators of electric power can now compete. But the infrastructure, the wires that carry the electricity, usually uphold a natural monopoly, and the various companies send their electricity through the same grid. Cable as a Natural MonopolyNearly every community in the United States allows only a single cable company to operate within its borders. Since the Boulder decision 4 in which the U. S. Supreme Court held that municipalities might be subject to antitrust liability for anticompetitive acts, most cable franchises have been nominally nonexclusive but in fact do operate to preclude all competitors. The efficacious rati onale for municipal regulation is that cable uses city-owned streets and rights-of-way the economic rationale is the assumption that cable is a natural monopoly. The theory of natural monopoly holds that because of structural conditions that exist in certain industries, competition between firms cannot endure and whenever these conditions exist, it is inevitable that only one firm get out survive. Thus, regulation is necessary to dilute the ill-effects of the monopoly. 5 Those who assert that cable picture is a natural monopoly focus on its economies of scale that is, its large fixed costs whose duplication by multiple companies would be inefficient and wasteful. Thus, competitive entering into the market should be proscribed because it is bound to be destructive.The Competitive Reality 1. A skeptic hearing exhortations that cable television is a natural monopoly that should be locally regulated could have some questions at this point. First, if cable is a natural monopoly, why do we need to guarantee it with a franchise? Economists Bruce Owen and peckerwood Greenhalgh argue persuasively that given economies of scale, if a cable company is responsive and efficient in its pricing and service quality then there will be little incentive for competitors to enter, and no need for an exclusionary franchise policy.9 Thus, if entry restrictions are necessary to arrest competition, the industry by definition is not a natural monopoly. 2. Second, if cable is a natural monopoly, is it necessarily a local monopoly? Some observers use the terms interchangeably, but there is no evidence that economic laws respect municipal boundaries. Given large fixed costs, does it make sense to award a local franchise to one company when another already has facilities in an adjacent community? Yet such wasteful duplication, as the natural monopoly proponents would call it, occurs frequently under the franchise system.Local franchises make no sense in a true natural monopoly setting. 3. These questions, however, go to the heart of natural monopoly theory itself, a doctrine that is under increasing attack. 10 In the hardihood of crumbling conventional wisdom in this area, the burden should be on the natural monopoly proponents to demonstrate that competition is not possible, and further, that regulation is necessary. Such a demonstration will prove impossible in the cable context. Cable is both extremely competitive, facing both direct and indirect market challenges, and, in any event, is better left unregulated.For many decades, economic textbooks have held up the telecommunications industry as the ideal model of natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is said to exist when a single firm is able to control most, if not all, output and prices in a given market due to the enormous entry barriers and economies of scale associated with the industry. to a greater extent specifically, a market is said to be naturally monopolistic when one firm can serve consumers at lo wer costs than two or more firms (Spulber 1995 31).For example, telephone service traditionally has required laying an extensive cable network, constructing numerous calls switching stations, and creating a variety of support services, before service could actually be initiated. Obviously, with such high entry costs, new firms can find it difficult to gain a toehold in the industry. Those problems are compounded by the fact that once a single firm overcomes the initial costs, their average cost of doing business drops rapidly relative to newcomers. The telephone monopoly, however, has been anything but natural.Overlooked in the textbooks is the extent to which federal and state governmental actions throughout this century helped build the AT&T or Bell system monopoly. As Robert Crandall (1991 41) noted, Despite the general belief that the telephone network is a natural monopoly, the AT&T monopoly survived until the 1980s not because of its naturalness but because of overt governmen t policy. I entrust that the above facts help support my beliefs that these industries should not be considered Natural Monopolies.These companies just executed and had better site than other in the same industry had. at present ATT is just as strong as it ever was.References Benjamin, S. M. , Lichtman, D. G. , Shelanski, H. , & Weiser , P. (2006). FOUNDATIONS. In Telecommunications Law and Policy . (2nd ed. ). (pp. 437 469). Durham, NC Carolina Academic Press. Foldvary, F. E. (1999). Natural Monopolies . The Progress Report. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http//www. progress. org/fold74. htm Thierer , A. D. (1994). UNNATURAL MONOPOLY CRITICAL MOMENTS IN THE cultivation OF THE BELL SYSTEM MONOPOLY . 14(2).

Argonatica

The epic poem highlights the hero Jason, and his quest for the luxurious Fleece. According to the myth, Jason and fifty other(a) renowned members of Greece set out for the fleece so that Jason could earn back his fathers kingdom. Jason is a particularly interesting hero because he often displays qualities of an efficient leader. This is transparent compared to other heroes, such as Hercules, who are better known as warriors rather than leaders.Apollonius epic would lay the groundwork for the works of Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Virgil. The Golden Fleece was the item which Jason, with the help of the Argonauts, was forced to retrieve. The origin of the Golden Fleece begins with Phrixus and Helle, the children of Athamus, and the goddess Nephele. When Athamas remarried, the childrens stepmother, Ino, became Jealous of them and plotted to get rid of Phrixus and his sister. Ino persuaded two messengers to say that that the oracle required the sacrifice of Phrixus to regain ertility t o the fields.Before Phrixus could be sacrificed, however, Nephele sent a golden ram which carried both children off through the air. Helle fell into the Hellespont, but Phrixus arrived safely at Colchis, where he married the young lady of King Aeetes. Phrixus sacrificed the ram to Zeus, and gave its pelt (the Golden Fleece) to Aeetes. Aeetes placed the fleece in an oak tree, where it remained. Then Jasons Father Aeson, was driven from power and killed by his brother Pelias. Jason remnant is aked and the child is sent away to be taught by the centaur Chiron.Jason returns later to reclaim his throne. However, an oracle warns Pelias that he will die at the hands of one of his relatives and that he should be wary of a man wearing only one sandal. Pelias informs Jason that he would give up his throne if Jason would set out and retrieve the Golden Fleece. The Argonautica begins as Jason is assembling a crew for the Argo. The Argo was the boat which was built by Argos for the Journey. It was slightly larger than most ships at the time. In many ways the informant Apollonius does not highlight the true heroism of Jason.Jason, through the authors description, does not appear as heroic as he really was. The definition of a classic tragic hero is a man who is neither a pure man nor one who receives his fate as a result of his wickedness, but because of both(prenominal) mistake. From this it can be derived that the tragic hero must be both mortal, and human, and one who receives his fate as a result of error rather than as retribution. In both these instances Jason is a tragic hero ecause he is neither a perfect man nor a terrible man and he dies as a result of mortal mistakes as opposed to retribution.In the case of Jason, his tragic flaw is being too dependent on others. Jason tragic end begins as a result of Medea, who kills Pelias and forces Jason to flee his fathers former kingdom after the Journey. Medea then kills Jasons sons and flees after Jason married anothe r woman. Apollonius does not mention this part of the myth in his epic. In this way the true entirety of the definition is not fulfilled by the epic. Argonatica By Ibeaulieu

Education in Culture Essay

Education in todays ground is far more distinct from the nurture it was before. Nowadays, as technologies and industries progress onwards, the need for breeding becomes more vital. Education is about learning and too belief skills. As a part of the society, fostering has played major roles non only on firing culture from one generation to another but also in helping establish a more stable society. Education also denotes on the process of drawing out certain skills or making someone realize the use of some skills that he has on its own.And as the world develops, the total of education also has changed. Now, it encompasses different disciplines such(prenominal) as philosophy, psychology, biology, history, sciences, sociology and many others. Education is believed to have started once a person is born and ends until he dies. Each and every person defines education differently from others. Education asshole be attained even without the presence of proper schooling. It is the e xperience and the applications of the things learned that counts on what one has attained. diverse cultures in the world have a different point of view on the idea of education. Their definition and ideas about education is highly embarked on the way they spend their everyday lives, how they eat their food, how they please their gods or how they rear their young. Basically, perspectives about education and how learning is done in a particular place is base on their culture. The unite States is one of the countries that belong to the Western culture. Its culture started even before it became a country.Now, as the world progresses and along with the different factors of culture combination and transfer, the United States is one of the diverse and multi cultural nations. repayable to the strong British ties that have happened in the past, the United States culture is greatly influenced by the British culture. opposite influences also include European countries who once take part in the history of the US such as Poland, Italy, Germany, Ireland and the Natives of America. Due to rampant migration and trade during the past, the western part of Africa has also played important roles in the structure of culture of the United States today.As one of the leading countries in the world today, the culture of the United States requires education as one of the needs of its each and every citizen. In its education system, children ranging from the ages five to cardinal be necessitated to attend school. At the age of five most children starts schooling in kindergarten, then, they attend easy from ages six to eleven, middle school from eleven to fourteen then high school from fourteen to eighteen. in that respect are two forms of education in the States public and privy.Public education in the United States is funded by the federal government and by each of the individual states. These funds came mainly from the taxes in the city of the states and not as education fund given by the federal government. On the other hand, private education in the United States receives little or no government support at all. And since most of the private schools are governed by religious organizations, these private institutions are disqualified from direct government support. Students who have gradational from the secondary level may still pursue education in universities.There are different Universities in the States. Some are funded both by the local and federal government and some are governed by private institutions. Due to the status of the United States in the world today, it is one of the countries in the world with the most advanced and most extensive educational systems and procedures. Education as a primary exigency in the States is offered in all levels from the children to the youth and even to the adults. Aside from learning as its main propose, education in theStates seeks to promote wisdom, democracy, nationalism, equality and development not only of the state and the country but also the self. References Greenberg, I. (2007). Vocational education, Work Culture and the Children of Immigrants in 1930s Bridgeprort. Journal of Social History. Volume 41. No. 1. Reed. T. V. (2007). universal Culture Resources for Critical Analysis, Retrieved, November 23, 2005, from http//www. wsu. edu/amerstu/pop/. USA Study Guide. (2007). American Culture US Culture Info. Retrieved, November 23, 2007, from http//www. usastudyguide. com/americanculture. htm.

Staples’ “Black Men and Public Spaces” Strays Only Slightly

RuthAnn Milbert Instructor Lynne Lerych May 4, 2010 English one hundred one Essay Review 2 Staples blue work force and Public Spaces Strays Only Slightly Brent Staples Black Men and Public Spaces narrative is about his realization of the idolise that black men instill in persons of none color and his attempts at littleening that fear. Staples essay begins him recalling a time where a snowy woman ran from him obviously because he was black.He continues to explain that his intentions werent to cause her harm notwithstanding had just happened to be walk behind her since he couldnt sleep. Staples refers to unexclusiveations by Norman Podhoretz and Edward Hoagland who had expressed their views on the same type of fear the woman who ran from him had experienced and although the fear was factually founded it didnt pass away much comfort to Staples. Staples explains how black youths, generally men, were more likely intimidate people because of their upbringing and tells how this generalization led to times where he was judged by color alone and thought to be a threat.After Staples realizes and begins to understand the reasons behind this fear he began taking measures to make himself appear less threatening and by doing so he hoped to lessen the public fear of him. Staples essay definitely keeps the readers interest even if slightly straying from his thesis. Staples does a very benignant job of keeping site of his main topic from the title to the conclusion only deviating slightly to give more background on the reasoning behind why black men tended to use the post of intimidation starting from birth.His was objective, gave great expert opinions, and maintained a good flow throughout the essay. His thoughts of how he could lessen the publics fear of him at the end of the essay didnt have much evidence to upraise that his ideas were effective aside from his own personal experience where some people seemed to react more amic equal towards him then in the p ast. Factors such as time passing and civil rights seem just as likely to be the reason for the publics fear lessening as Staples theory on whistling.Staples Black Men and Public Spaces Strays Only Slightly racism has been prevalent in the United States since the first European explorers arrived at our shores. Law reforms since that time have continuously changed almost all of society however, public schooling is the scene in which desegregation has attained its most salient position as a national publish (Foner and Garraty). America could reduce the amount of racial discrimination in our public high schools by promote everyone to pursue using one main dialect because it would make one less thing that fuels the racialism in some people.Asking people (especially adolescents) to go out of their way to try and make things easier for others that they may not even know might seem like an enormous request at first, but the simplicity of it could show positive results much faster then society has ever thought possible. Racism is generally in reaction to somebodys skin color or race so the way someone speaks isnt usually the focus of discussions on the matter. Lets say there was a man named, docking facility. tag was a white man from Missouri and had lost his sight over the years.One day a new mailman, a black man, cheerfully greeted Bob on his porch, but was instantly shouted at to leave the property. Although Bob was blind at that point, the way in which the mailman spoke had told Bob he was black. Was this fair? Honestly, yes and no. No, it was wrong for Bob to be racist in the first place and shouldnt assume every humane that spoke as the mailman did was a person of colors. And yes, it is a pretty fair deduction Bob made due to the fact that the majority of people with that dialect were persons of color.If high school kids were all able to speak in the same manner as each other then the audible overseas telegram that separates them would be greatly diminis hed. With that massive factor out of play, skin color becomes pretty much the furbish up focus of racism. If people only have one reason why they dislike or despise a group of people it weakens their resolve to continue the fight. In the Jena Six case there was a massive backing of the defendants because they were lead to believe that a great civil injustice had been done. Then the true statement that the defendants had been lying came to light and the fact remains that the Jena Six case climbed to its rickety position as a national symbol of racial injustice largely because a lot of people, some professional activists and galore(postnominal) members of the press, wanted it to do so (Allen).Benjamin Dowling-Sendor, an authority on school law, is an assistant appellate protector of North Carolina in Durham has wondered if it was right that the Supreme Court ruled saying prohibition of a flag that the Freedom of Speech Clause of the First Amendment was supposed to cover was justi fied. (SIRS) Although Dowling-Sendors issue dealt with a opthalmic symbol the same principal can be applied to audible issues. Would the request of students speaking in a certain way violate their freedom of speech?I strongly believe that the less diverse a nation is the more stable. The quote, Unite We Stand, Divided We Fall seems to apply itself quite rise up in this situation. We as individuals can remain unique, but unless we find more common ground, starting at young ages such as high school, we are doomed to another civil war.

Low-Cost Computers for the Developing World Essay

IntroductionThe task in on the whole ages of the main themes that ran researchers because of their Close contact conditions peoples, and that in name of political, frugal and social, Taxes atomic number 18 link material that binds the individual government, one of the most important tools apply by governments in drawing its financial, economic and social terms used appraise revenue first in the financing of programs of public expenditure that has become increasing in moment . Taxes working to raise the economic efficiencies when the exploitation of economic resources and guidance these resources to split up use and to achieve social justice in the dispersal of income and achieve economic stability whither justice is no longer only socially, but became a bouncy requirement in achieving national security in the community as well.Thus the state with individuals confused in achieving these goals and to achieve security inside and outside, but whatsoever taskpayers, and who w ant to provide services at one time in the performance of their pay evaluate, as expected consumer receipts directly from having to purchase a proficient or service ignored , so the nature of the relationship between the state (IRS) and citizens (in charge) and they get discharge of the good obligation to pay their valuees partially or completely and using a number of methods and techniques dishonest by refraining from salaried the public treasury, and that means task guile . So we look at this withdraw the issue of escapism in value added tax and known shortened tubful, and is a general tax levied on businesses that produce and distribute adepts and services, and is the ad valorem tax tax on consumption because Stoic final it is the consumer, disrespect the fact that collected is the producer or distributor. Where the subject allow be studied theoretically and bother will be identified and the objectives and methodology and the study sample. Objectives studyThis study aims to achieve the following objectives embark on free professions and trades that are subject to bath. study the legal texts of the relevant laws in liberal professions and link them to the appealingness tax . Get nature and forms of evasion in tubful the freelance . Get the underlying causes of evasion in bath the self-employed .. Develop appropriate mechanism to deal with tax evasion to the self-employed .Problem StatementIs the annex of the appraise of value added tax (VAT), the nature of the political system and reprize taxation would lead to VAT bosh ?The relevance of the studyThe importance of this study lies in the select to educate self-employed heavyness evasion in vat and the consequent negative effects on the financial activity of the State, and comes by with(predicate) definition of this category duties tax and rid them of the issue of inheritance social which prevailed between groups of Palestinian society, including self-employed before the adv ent of the Palestinian Authority, where he was in charge of the Palestinian is evasion of taxes national action, because the tax revenue goes to illicit destinations .Literature reviewAccording to Smith and Stephen (2007) ,they resorted to some of european experiences of European countries. This study aimed to reviews what is known about the exposure of the VAT to revenue exhalationes with noncompliance, with a particular focus on fraud and evasion,and considers what can be done in respons. And they are follow the methodology to eliminate fraud in the VAT, by used More radical measures deep down the circumstance of a system that preserves zero-rating include , The use of repeal charging, by which liability in a business-to-business (B2B) transaction is placed on the buyer rather than the seller.This would deal efficaciously with the carousel fraud, and by ending the gradual cumulation of VAT wagess through various stages of production and distribution and instead collecting a ll VAT revenue at the final sale, the system is exposed to substantially greater risks of revenue loss through unreported sales to final consumers , With a retail sales tax all tax revenue is lost if a sale to final consumers somehow goes unreported, while with a VAT the losses are limited to the difference between the VAT due on the final sale and the VAT already collected at earlier stages. Smith said that have argued that a longer-run and durable origin to the problem of missing trader fraud requires a fundamental redesign of the VAT treatment of multinational transactions and this Systematic reform that eliminates the root cause of missing trader fraud would be a much more appealing long-term st treadgy than the combination of resource-intensive enforcement operations and ad hoc fixes such as extended tip over charging, which may provide temporary relief.The study of Richard(2011) , focused on a technological methods in the fight against tax fraud.This study aimed to fighti ng tax fraud (vat) bye using a technological method of this . So there is a trey leading technology-based solutions will be considered here the Real Time VAT (RTvat ) the VAT Locator Number ( VLN) system and the Digital VAT (D-VAT), at that place are important differences among them, but generally, the RTvat focuses on securing the tax, the VLN focuses on securely tracing the supply, and the D-VAT certifies that the correct tax is superaerated collected, and remitted. Richard have r for each oneed some conclusions based on technological solutions developed that The RTvat is applied to all transactions in a VAT system. It changes the underpinnings of the VAT, moving it from an invoice system to a settlement system. The withholdingand-remit element of a VATsystem has been effectively removed and VLN as well as applies to all transactions in a VAT system but leaves the elementary structure of the VAT untouched. It simply adds an encrypted tracer code to all(prenominal) invoice.As Borsellis stydy that aimed to firstly, it outlines the fraudulent VAT schemes that pose the most serious threat to the functioning of the VAT system, and evaluates the effectiveness of the strategies adopted to combat and resist that type of fraud. Secondly, it comments on the costs and benefits of more far-reaching measures to be implemented in the near future at EU and national train.He follow the mechanisms that fighting taxation fraud as , A hybrid reverse charge mechanism would also give rise to other issues. Firstly, it would lead to a substantial increase of VAT refund claims by taxable persons, who pay VAT to their suppliers (on their inputs not exceeding the threshold value), where their turnout transactions are subject to the reverse charge mechanism.Secondly, treating identical transactions differently for VAT purposes reduces the effectiveness, of anti-fraud measures , increases the complexness of the management of the VAT system and requires a tough control system i n order to encourage Member States from adverse effects. Where it was concluded that the need to maximize the effectiveness of the strategy to combat VAT fraud cannot be unaffectionate from a b course view on the functioning of the VAT system as a whole. Available mechanisms interact, require a high degree of adaptation to the economic and legal context and must be a constant of the Member States regulatory framework. This means that there is not asingle road to a more efficient VAT system and that it is inappropriate for Member States to simply copy and channelise the measures taken by other Member States into their national legislation.In 2011 , Kaspar Lind , faocused in his aticls on the issues of scal fraud, closing of transactions, and good faith , and to analyse Estonian legislation and the practice of the Supreme Court and its development in the recent 10 geezerhood, and to compare it to the practice of the European Court of Justice. Given that fiscal frauds are a seri ous problem, According to that , the payment for goods or services would take place through the bank, and the bank would divide the payment into two parts (the price of the goods or services and the amount of tax), of which the amount of VAT would be paid directly to the tax authority. With the second scheme, a central database is created for invoices taxed with VAT that the tax authority can monitor lizard in real time.Thirdly, separate VAT databases are used that are very easy for the tax authority to access in order to check invoices. Certication is seen as a fourth solution. Aside from the reverse charge, the rst solution is considered the most effectivehowever, it would require a substantial transformation of the existing system. The other three models might improve supervision but do not directly ensure a better receipt of taxes. He said Although they can draw general conclusions on how to act with regard to the VAT system, due diligence may depend greatly on each countrys l egal order and practice. As a result, it is very difcult for entrepreneurs to operate in different European unification Member States. Often entrepreneurs can learn of the exact content of their due diligence only in the course of judicial proceedings, but that might entail tax liabilityIn recent years ,The European Unions VAT system has become under fire(predicate) to organised fraud schemes , so there is an schemes studied by Fabrizio Borselli. This article shows that need to maximise the effectiveness of anti-VAT-fraud strategy cannot be separated from a broad view of the problem and of the functioning of the VAT system as a whole. A drastic change in the VAT system might provide a robust falsifying against fraud but produce uncertain effects. The study showed the most important policies established by the segment states to fight fraud by developing early-warning systems for sectors and transactions at risk. Since missing traders need to enter the commercialise before commit ting the fraud (i.e. to obtain a VAT identification number, unless they hijack another traders VAT number), a sound system of preventive risk analysis is essential for effective antifraud action. numerous EU Member States use advanced software for risk analysis and electronic databases containing macro and little data on traders, including the economic sector in which they operate, their financial situation and ownership, their payments, declarations and refunds of VAT . As pointed Bouresli that insurance policy initiatives could be initially limited to certain sectors and companies, with wider structural measures implemented afterwards, taking advantage of further developments in IT and harmonisation of the EU legal framework. New types of fraud are technology-intensive technology itself appears to offer some of the lift out answers.According to Dr. Konstantin Pashev (2006) , Adopted the Bulgarian experience in identifying the types and modus operandi of VAT frauds with a focus on the exclaim of tax credit. It analyses the elements of tax design permissive of such abuses and discusses the affirmable solutions in the light of the international and municipal experience and the capacity of the tax administration , Where indicated dr. Pashev the mechanics of organized fraud by fictitious trade and the missing (insolvent) trader fraud. In the case of fake exports, the exporter carries the transaction on paper, applying the zero VAT rate on exports and claiming tax credit on the inputs, while actually selling the products on the domestic food market without sales invoices, i.e. without paying VAT. A safer version would use real exports, but would overstate the quantities exported . The study concludes that the possible solutions should be sought along the lines of optimizing risk management and the principle of joint liability rather than through tighter controls at entry and on the conduct of business.the theoretical framework and methodology of the study VAT(Value-Added Tax) is a tax thats charged on most goods and services that VAT-registered businesses provide in the UK. Its also charged on goods and some services that are imported from countries outside. Whereas VAT fraud is a scheme through which businesses avoid paying VAT and even claim refunds for VAT they never pay. Such businesses actualize their condemnable intents using different established methods. Thus, different types of VAT fraud can be identified, which governments of VAT-administering countries have pass huge amounts of money to investigate and checkmate.review by looking at the literature review of the value-added tax in particular and some of the variables that affect them in general, including income tax, inflation, and the nature of the political system in the country. Since each variable has a direct relationship in its impact on the value-added tax.Independent Variables -Inflation treasure of incomeThe natural of political systemDependent VariableVAT mac hinationIn economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a end of time , When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of vizor within the economy as the ination rate rises, the money demand becomes increasingly interest elasticity, as in Cagans model, and credit is increasingly used to avoid ination, instead of using leisure this implies that velocity rises at a faster rate, and the emergence rate falls at a decreasing rate.Politics system tells you how a society must be set up and how one should act within a society. Except for hermits, this comes up a lot. As for the relationship between the nature of the political system and tax fraud interpreted as the lack of confidence in public authoriseing policy , no doubt that the way to spe nd the proceed of tax impact on the psyche of financiers overhead costs, as if mony spend in the faces of the benefit of binding it feels comfortable and reassuring , he may give tax willingly , Which makes the system vulnerable to deception and fraud . As for the rate of income is defined as follows , a tax that governments impose on financial income generated by all entities within their jurisdiction. By law, businesses and individuals must file an income tax return every year to determine whether they owe any taxes or are eligible for a tax refund. Income tax is a key source of funds that the government uses to fund its activities and serve the public.HypothesesTheres a relationship between VAT fraud and inflation . Since there is a relationship between the level of income and tax fraud. There is a relationship between the political system and investors went to tax evasion, as it depends on the policies directed by the state.The population and the sample of the studySince I will talk about the VAT fraud in private sector, the population is the Palestinian private sector companies, and the study sample will be a number of these companies. Data collectionThe data were collected from two resources of data vicarious data*Which is the data that developed for the purpose other than helping to solve the problem on happen? Some of these data are books, journals, articles, website, and internet its considered as a useful sources of information for historic background, and theoretical framework.Primary data*Among the choices for collecting the primary data such as observations, survey questionnaires, and interviews .Taking into account the research problem the survey questionnaire is the best alternative for this research .Bibliography and Reference ListSmith, Stephen.2007. VAT fraud and evasion, VAT Fraud and Evasion What Do We Know, and What Can be Done? 10Ainsworth, Richard.2011. VAT Fraud and Technological Solutions. Tax Analysis,19.Borselli, Fabrizio.2008. Prag matic Policies to Tackle VAT Fraud in the European Union, International VAT monitor, 10Lind, k, 2011.VAT fraud and the fighting against IT In Estonia, JURIDICAL INTERNATIONAL .P.152-160.Borselli, F,and 2011.organised vat fraud features, magnitude , policy perspectives, RePEc-Research paper in economics . p 43Pashev, Konstantin, 2006.fighting VAT fraud the Bulgarian Experience. p. 20

Obedience To Authority Essay

The Vietnam controversy made m both wad feel at distress. It was never considered a war, although that is exactly what it was. The My Lai Massacre in Vietnam was one of the many atrocities of that war. There is an unquestionable connection between Milgrams Obedience to Authority and the My Lai Massacre.According to Kelman & Hamilton, Unquestioning devotion has been the cause of such disasters as the My Lai massacre and the Holocaust. volume need to resist the dangerous web of influence from strong soulalities in fields such as politics, religion and the mass media who become the objects of their idolatry. To become less susceptible to the irrational persuasive power of such in the flesh(predicate)ities, individuals should develop a sense of self-respect and practice critical thinking (Kelman & Hamilton). In teddys such as the My Lai Massacre, the soldiers were not just following the thoughts of a politician or religious figure. They followed their military leader, the same per son they counted on for leadership and survival.Soldiers are trained to always follow orders, never question orders (When I set up jump, u you say how high). But that belief is somewhat erroneous, the charge to the soldier is to obey any observant order given (Schwalbe). Absolute obedience, although not wholeheartedly embraced in official military pronounce workforcets, is nevertheless unanimously praised in combat context (Peppers). Some military scholars call the modern version of military field of honor enlightened obedience.Enlightened obediencesprings from a belief on the part of the subordinate that his superiors orders are authoritative and valid (Peppers).A classic example of the power of authoritative factors is provided by Stanley Milgrams study on obedience to authority. College students from Yale University were asked to participate in an try to test the effects of punishment on learning. They were willing to continue administering what they thought were increasingl y higher levels of shocks toan other(a) subject (actually an actor) simply because the experimenter (Milgram) said to do so. The results, in fact, were so unbelieveable that they made Milgram one of the well-nigh famous social psychologist. About 65 share of the subjects continued to obey the experimenter to the end of the experiment even when they thought the victim was getting dangerous levels of electric car shock, and even when he asked them to stopSo what exactly does the My Lai Massacre wear to do with Milgrams experiment? The My Lai Massacre of 1968, in which a company of American soldiers poured automatic rifle fire into groups of unarmed villagers, cleaning perhaps 500 people, many of them women and children (Hammer). Those soldiers were obeying orders from a superior officer.It passed without notice when it occurred in mid-March 1968. Yet the brief stock certificate bath at My Lai, a hamlet in Viet Cong-infested territory 335 miles northeast of Saigon, may yet suppo rt an impact on the war. According to accounts that suddenly appeared on TV and in the world press farthermost week, a company of 60 or 70 U.S.Infantrymen hadentered My Lai early one morning and demeaned houses, parentage and all the inhabitants that they could find in a brutal operation that took less than 20 minutes. When it was over, the Vietnamese breathless totaled at least 100 men, women and children, and perhaps many more, only 25 or so escaped, because they lay hidden under the fallen bodies of others. (Schawlbe) Military men said that stories of what happened at My Lai are correct. If so, the contingency ranks as the most serious atrocity yet attributed to American troops (Hammer).Isard said, I see men who obeyed the leaders of their country, then lost themselves. The My Lai Massacre was planned. Planned, how could it reach been planned? A recon patrol, perhaps, was planned, maybe even a search and destroy mission Burn the villages interrogate the villagers, and all th at. But a massacre? Strategies are planned. Brutalities just happen (Isard).Obedience to Authority Stanley Milgram described the agentic shift inwhich an individual attributes responsibility for his or her actions to a person in the position of authority. In the My Lai Massacre the men felt it was their duty to contribute fire on the village. They were given orders to do just that. There was no questioning of orders from Cally, their superiour. The soldiers must have done as they were told, or incur sever consequences. Soldiers are taught from their first moments in Boot clique that orders must be obeyed.The way in which the My Lai Massacre was particularly a case of over obedience to the military, is that the men that committed the massacre were ordered to do so.They did not decide on their own to destroy a bunch of people. They were following orders from military authoritative figures to destroy My Lai. What does this mean? Its clearly a case of over obedience to military author ity. The men had two choices. They could obey a command and kill hundreds of unreserved people, or they could disobey a command and face a possible consequences from the courts. In actuality they didnt have a choice. many of the soldiers in Vietnam were there because of the draft, they however in their eyes, served their country to their best of their knowledge.They went bravely into affair and they did what had to be done. In the case of the My Lai Massacre, they were following orders just as they had done in many other times in the war. Only this time, the orders were to kill hundreds of villagers, not the Viet Cong, not the enemy. There were women and children in that village. They were gunned down mercilessly. For what primer? They were ordered to do so.The soldiers had an obligation, a duty to obey their superiors. That is what makes the military so successful. Soldiers not ask questions they only obey orders. In thisinstance the orders went too far. Hundreds of innocent pe ople were killed in the name of following orders. Is this any less an atrocious because the men were ordered to fire on the village of My Lai? No. Were the men doing this for personal gain? No. Were they doing it out of hatred or in defense? No.Many of the people in the village were women and children. The soldiers had nothing against those people In this instance the village of My Lai was a case of finis by over obedience of the American army. Was what they did right or wrong? In the eyes of most people, including the participants, the action was wrong, but they could not be faulted because they were simply following orders.Works CitedHammer, Richard One Morning in the War The tragedy at Son My. Coward-McCann NY 1970Isard, Walter., ed. Vietnam Issues and Alternatives. Schenkman . Cambridge MA 1969Kelman, Herbert C. Hamilton, Lee V. Crimes of Obedience. New Haven Yale University Press. 1989Milgram, Stanley. The Perils of Obedience. Writing and teaching Across theCurriculum. 7th ed . By Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York Longman, 2000. 343-355Miller, Heather. Stanley Milgramhttp//muskingum.edu/psychology/psycweb/history/milgram.htmPeppers, Donald A. War Crimes and Induction A racing shell for Selective NonconscientiousObjection. Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 2. (Winter, 1974),pp.129-166. JSTOR Middlesex County College Library, Edison. 29 Nov. 2000 http//www.jstor.orgSchwalbe, David. The My Lai Massacre. American History. 1998 http//americanhistory.about.com/homework/americanhistory/library/weekly/aa031798.htm